ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
Master Advanced Pathophysiology:
Your Ultimate Exam Preparation Pack
with A+ Answers
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - Answer- A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular
fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - Answer- A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - Answer- C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate
to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - Answer- B
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, ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - Answer- C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - Answer- B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - Answer- D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because
of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - Answer- B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - Answer- C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
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, ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
d. Macrophages - Answer- B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is
preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an
antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start
of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release
the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation
among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at
which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - Answer- C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic
pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have
on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - Answer- A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding to
H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory
process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what
fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - Answer- C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic
fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1
receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis and H2 stimulation
resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically, additively, or
agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
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, ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil chemotaxis
and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - Answer- D.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell
function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not increase capillary
permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or
cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - Answer- D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally
infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β
induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on uninfected
cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a
neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of developing an acquired immune
response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical role in wound
healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released from virally infected host
cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - Answer- D. Small pseudopods that
extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent microorganism, forming
an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry out engulfment (endocytosis).
The membrane that surrounds the phagosome consists of inverted plasma membrane.
After the formation of the phagosome, lysosomes converge, fuse with the phagosome,
and discharge their contents, creating a phagolysosome.
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant
complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function referred to
as?
a. Restoration
b. Resolution
c. Regrowth
4|Page
Master Advanced Pathophysiology:
Your Ultimate Exam Preparation Pack
with A+ Answers
Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by
A. Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters
B. Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves
C. Increasing the resting membrane potential
D. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves - Answer- A
Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular
fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of:
A. Osmotic Forces
B. Plasma Oncotic Pressure
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Hydrostatic forces - Answer- A
Two thirds of the body's water is found in its
a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids - Answer- C
A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and
aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate
to this behavior?
a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L - Answer- B
1|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hyperkalemia?
a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism - Answer- C
A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the
professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority? a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus d. Pancreatitis - Answer- B
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene?
a. X-linked dominant
b. X-linked recessive
c. Autosomal dominant
d. Autosomal recessive - Answer- D
People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because
of which genetic principle?
a. Penetrance
b. Expressivity
c. Dominance
d. Recessiveness - Answer- B
What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
a. Paternal nondisjunction
b. Maternal translocations
c. Maternal nondisjunction
d. Paternal translocation - Answer- C
What does activation of the classical pathway begin with? a. Viruses
b. Antigen-antibody complexes c. Mast cells
2|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
d. Macrophages - Answer- B.
Activation of the classical pathway begins only with the activation of protein C1 and is
preceded by the formation of a complex between an antigen and an antibody to form an
antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). Infection with a virus can lead to the start
of the inflammatory process, but is not the specific activation factor. Mast cells release
the contents of their granules to initiate synthesis of other mediators of inflammation
among other actions. Macrophages are one cell type involved in phagocytosis.
In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at
which factor?
a. XII
b. VII
c. X
d. V - Answer- C. The coagulation cascade consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic
pathways that converge only at factor X.
What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have
on inflammation?
a. Inhibition
b. Activation
c. Acceleration
d. Termination - Answer- A. Binding histamine to the H2 receptor is generally
antiinflammatory because it results in the suppression of leukocyte function. Binding to
H2 receptors does not cause activation, acceleration, or termination of the inflammatory
process.
Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what
fashion?
a. Synergistically
b. Additively
c. Antagonistically
d. Agonistically - Answer- C. Both types of receptors are distributed among many
different cells and are often present on the same cells and may act in an antagonistic
fashion. For instance, neutrophils express both types of receptors, with stimulation of H1
receptors resulting in the augmentation of neutrophil chemotaxis and H2 stimulation
resulting in its inhibition. The two receptors do not act synergistically, additively, or
agonistically.
What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
3|Page
, ADVANCED PATHOPHSIOLOGY
a. Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain b. Increases neutrophil chemotaxis
and platelet aggregation
c. Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
d. Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation - Answer- D.
Effects of NO on inflammation include vasodilation by inducing relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle, a response that is local and short-lived, and by suppressing mast cell
function, as well as platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO does not increase capillary
permeability and cause pain, increase neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation, or
cause smooth muscle contraction and fever.
Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?
a. IL-1
b. IL-10
c. TNF-α
d. IFN-α - Answer- D. Only interferons (IFNs) are produced and released by virally
infected cells in response to viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). IFN-α and IFN-β
induce the production of antiviral proteins, thereby conferring protection on uninfected
cells. IFN-α or IFN-β is released from virally infected cells and attaches to a receptor on a
neighboring cell. IFNs also enhance the efficiency of developing an acquired immune
response. IL-1 is a proinflammatory interleukin. IL-10 plays a critical role in wound
healing. TNF has several systemic effects but is not released from virally infected host
cells.
What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?
a. Microorganisms are ingested.
b. Microorganisms are killed and digested.
c. Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
d. An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed. - Answer- D. Small pseudopods that
extend from the plasma membrane and surround the adherent microorganism, forming
an intracellular phagocytic vacuole or phagosome, carry out engulfment (endocytosis).
The membrane that surrounds the phagosome consists of inverted plasma membrane.
After the formation of the phagosome, lysosomes converge, fuse with the phagosome,
and discharge their contents, creating a phagolysosome.
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant
complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function referred to
as?
a. Restoration
b. Resolution
c. Regrowth
4|Page
