FINAL EXAM NR 507: NR 507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS (LATEST
2025/ 2026 UPDATE) GUIDE
AT CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
,✅ ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY
GUIDE (Expanded & NP-Level)
Topics Covered:
1. Antigen–Antibody/Serum Considerations
2. Social Anxiety Disorder
3. Schizophrenia (Positive/Negative/Cognitive Symptoms)
4. Schizophrenia Neurobiology & Imaging
5. Hypothyroidism
6. Thyroid Hormone Regulation (TRH, TSH)
7. Graves Disease & Ophthalmopathy
🔵 1. Antigen–Serum Considerations (Immune
Response Variability)
When evaluating immune responses (such as titer effectiveness, vaccine response, or
antigen–antibody interactions), several biological factors influence how the immune system
responds:
✔ Age
Infants: Immature immune system, reduced antibody production.
Elderly: Immunosenescence → decreased T-cell function, impaired response to new
antigens.
✔ Sex
Females: Stronger humoral & cell-mediated responses, but higher autoimmunity risk.
Males: Slightly weaker immune reaction, often lower antibody titers.
✔ Race & Ethnicity
Genetics influence:
HLA types
cytokine expression
susceptibility to certain autoimmune or infectious diseases
, Examples:
African ancestry → higher IgE mediators; stronger vaccine reactions to some viral
vaccines.
Northern European ancestry → higher rates of autoimmune thyroid disease.
✔ BMI
Obesity causes:
chronic low-grade inflammation
increased leptin, CRP
altered T-cell regulation
decreased vaccine antibody response (e.g., influenza)
🔵 2. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
CORE FEATURE
✔ Intense fear and avoidance of social situations where judgment or evaluation may
occur.
Pathophysiology
Hyperactivation of the amygdala (fear center).
Dysregulation of serotonin and GABA pathways.
Altered prefrontal cortex inhibitory control over fear response.
Clinical manifestations
Trembling, blushing, sweating
Avoidance of speaking, eating, or writing in public
Fear of humiliation or negative evaluation
Severe anticipatory anxiety
🔵 3. Schizophrenia Symptom Categories
Schizophrenia is divided into three major groups of symptoms:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS (LATEST
2025/ 2026 UPDATE) GUIDE
AT CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
,✅ ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY
GUIDE (Expanded & NP-Level)
Topics Covered:
1. Antigen–Antibody/Serum Considerations
2. Social Anxiety Disorder
3. Schizophrenia (Positive/Negative/Cognitive Symptoms)
4. Schizophrenia Neurobiology & Imaging
5. Hypothyroidism
6. Thyroid Hormone Regulation (TRH, TSH)
7. Graves Disease & Ophthalmopathy
🔵 1. Antigen–Serum Considerations (Immune
Response Variability)
When evaluating immune responses (such as titer effectiveness, vaccine response, or
antigen–antibody interactions), several biological factors influence how the immune system
responds:
✔ Age
Infants: Immature immune system, reduced antibody production.
Elderly: Immunosenescence → decreased T-cell function, impaired response to new
antigens.
✔ Sex
Females: Stronger humoral & cell-mediated responses, but higher autoimmunity risk.
Males: Slightly weaker immune reaction, often lower antibody titers.
✔ Race & Ethnicity
Genetics influence:
HLA types
cytokine expression
susceptibility to certain autoimmune or infectious diseases
, Examples:
African ancestry → higher IgE mediators; stronger vaccine reactions to some viral
vaccines.
Northern European ancestry → higher rates of autoimmune thyroid disease.
✔ BMI
Obesity causes:
chronic low-grade inflammation
increased leptin, CRP
altered T-cell regulation
decreased vaccine antibody response (e.g., influenza)
🔵 2. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
CORE FEATURE
✔ Intense fear and avoidance of social situations where judgment or evaluation may
occur.
Pathophysiology
Hyperactivation of the amygdala (fear center).
Dysregulation of serotonin and GABA pathways.
Altered prefrontal cortex inhibitory control over fear response.
Clinical manifestations
Trembling, blushing, sweating
Avoidance of speaking, eating, or writing in public
Fear of humiliation or negative evaluation
Severe anticipatory anxiety
🔵 3. Schizophrenia Symptom Categories
Schizophrenia is divided into three major groups of symptoms:
