SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is the screening tool for the thyroid? - (ANSWER)TSH Level
What is the normal range for TSH? - (ANSWER)0.5-5.0
When do you order a full thyroid profile? - (ANSWER)If thyroid screening of TSH comes back abnormal,
then we will reorder TSH and T3, T4.
What disorder demonstrates a low TSH level and high T3 and T4 levels? - (ANSWER)Hyperthyroidism
What disorder demonstrates a high TSH level and low T3 and T4 levels? - (ANSWER)Hypothyroidism
What medication is used to treat hypothyroidism? - (ANSWER)Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
What dose of Synthroid do you want to start your patient on? - (ANSWER)If patient is elderly or if they
have a significant cardiac history then we are going to start at a lower dose of 12.5-25 mcg po daily.
In a normal healthy patient, we will start at 25-50 mcg po daily.
After initiation of medication for treatment of hypothyroidism, when do you recheck TSH level? -
(ANSWER)6-8 weeks
When TSH level is stabilized, how often do you recheck their level? - (ANSWER)Every 6-12 months
What is the go to medication for treatment of hyperthyroidism? - (ANSWER)Tapazole and PTU
How do you manage treatment for hyperthyroidism in a pregnant patient? - (ANSWER)We need to use
PTU instead if they are in their first trimester. After first trimester, then they can be switched to
tapazole.
What medication class is used to treat symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - (ANSWER)Beta-blockers- these
help manage tachycardia and palpitations
,SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What are 2 other treatments for the hyperthyroidism? - (ANSWER)Thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine
What labs are used to measure and evaluate kidney function? - (ANSWER)GFR, BUN, Creatinine
What lab value is most accurate description of kidney function? - (ANSWER)GFR- this is going to tell us
how the kidneys are filtering the blood and how well they are removing waste.
What is a normal GFR value? - (ANSWER)>90
What GFR value indicates an absolute need to start a patient on dialysis? - (ANSWER)<15- this means
that patient is in CKD stage 5
What is the second most important lab value to measure kidney function? - (ANSWER)Creatinine
What is creatinine? - (ANSWER)A waste product in the blood. If your kidneys are functioning properly,
then this waste product is removed by your kidneys. When kidney function decreases, your creatinine
level starts to rise.
What is a normal creatine value? - (ANSWER)Around 1
Why is BUN least telling for kidney function? - (ANSWER)Blood urea nitrogen is a normal waste product
when your body breaks down urea. However, this is not specific to the kidneys. It can also indicate liver
issues.
What is a normal BUN level? - (ANSWER)10-20
With which first-line BP medication do we want to check the BUN/Cr? - (ANSWER)ACE Inhibitors
,SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What finding on a UA id indicative of true kidney damage? - (ANSWER)Casts- WBC or RBC casts always
need to be referred out
When do we screen for microalbumin in the urine? - (ANSWER)We're always going to screen when DM
and HTN is first diagnosed.
What are the most common causes of CKD? - (ANSWER)HTN and DM
Why is it important to perform early screening for microalbumin in the urine? - (ANSWER)Patients who
have mild kidney damage do not have symptoms, this screening will ideally identify damage early and
prevent progression.
What stage of CKD do patients show true symptoms? - (ANSWER)Stage 3 or worse
How often are we screening for micro albumin? - (ANSWER)Bare minimum is going to be annually for
patients with DM or HTN or both.
What is the normal range of microalbumin? - (ANSWER)< 30
What is the most common symptom of all anemias? - (ANSWER)Fatigue
What is a normal hemoglobin level? - (ANSWER)12-18
Women are on the lower end, and men are on the higher end
What is a normal hemoglobin to hematocrit ratio? - (ANSWER)3 to 1
36-54%
What does MCV stand for? - (ANSWER)mean corpuscular volume
, SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is a normal MCV? - (ANSWER)80-100
What does low MCV indicate? - (ANSWER)Microcytic anemias
What is the most common microcytic anemia? - (ANSWER)Iron deficiency anemia
What is the biggest risk faction for the development of IDA is int he first year of life? - (ANSWER)The
ingestion of cow's milk
What does high MCV levels indicate? - (ANSWER)Microcytic anemia
What are the most common microcytic anemias? - (ANSWER)B12 and folate
What symptoms are common with B12 deficiency anemia? - (ANSWER)Neuro symptoms- the most
common symptom is parasthesia
What surgery typically leads to B12 deficiency anemia? - (ANSWER)Gastrectomy patients- who have part
of their stomach removed
Why do gastrectomy patients typically have B12 deficiency anemia? - (ANSWER)In order for B12 to be
absorbed, it needs to be able to combine with intrinsic factor, which is produced in the stomach. If we
remove a large portion of the stomach then we lose a lot of that intrinsic factor.
What diabetes medication used long term can also lead to B12 deficiency? - (ANSWER)Metformin
What is an abnormal lead level? - (ANSWER)>5, ideally no lead should be within the body
What kind of symptoms may lead intoxication lead to? - (ANSWER)Cognitive delays and behavioral
problems
What is the screening tool for the thyroid? - (ANSWER)TSH Level
What is the normal range for TSH? - (ANSWER)0.5-5.0
When do you order a full thyroid profile? - (ANSWER)If thyroid screening of TSH comes back abnormal,
then we will reorder TSH and T3, T4.
What disorder demonstrates a low TSH level and high T3 and T4 levels? - (ANSWER)Hyperthyroidism
What disorder demonstrates a high TSH level and low T3 and T4 levels? - (ANSWER)Hypothyroidism
What medication is used to treat hypothyroidism? - (ANSWER)Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
What dose of Synthroid do you want to start your patient on? - (ANSWER)If patient is elderly or if they
have a significant cardiac history then we are going to start at a lower dose of 12.5-25 mcg po daily.
In a normal healthy patient, we will start at 25-50 mcg po daily.
After initiation of medication for treatment of hypothyroidism, when do you recheck TSH level? -
(ANSWER)6-8 weeks
When TSH level is stabilized, how often do you recheck their level? - (ANSWER)Every 6-12 months
What is the go to medication for treatment of hyperthyroidism? - (ANSWER)Tapazole and PTU
How do you manage treatment for hyperthyroidism in a pregnant patient? - (ANSWER)We need to use
PTU instead if they are in their first trimester. After first trimester, then they can be switched to
tapazole.
What medication class is used to treat symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - (ANSWER)Beta-blockers- these
help manage tachycardia and palpitations
,SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What are 2 other treatments for the hyperthyroidism? - (ANSWER)Thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine
What labs are used to measure and evaluate kidney function? - (ANSWER)GFR, BUN, Creatinine
What lab value is most accurate description of kidney function? - (ANSWER)GFR- this is going to tell us
how the kidneys are filtering the blood and how well they are removing waste.
What is a normal GFR value? - (ANSWER)>90
What GFR value indicates an absolute need to start a patient on dialysis? - (ANSWER)<15- this means
that patient is in CKD stage 5
What is the second most important lab value to measure kidney function? - (ANSWER)Creatinine
What is creatinine? - (ANSWER)A waste product in the blood. If your kidneys are functioning properly,
then this waste product is removed by your kidneys. When kidney function decreases, your creatinine
level starts to rise.
What is a normal creatine value? - (ANSWER)Around 1
Why is BUN least telling for kidney function? - (ANSWER)Blood urea nitrogen is a normal waste product
when your body breaks down urea. However, this is not specific to the kidneys. It can also indicate liver
issues.
What is a normal BUN level? - (ANSWER)10-20
With which first-line BP medication do we want to check the BUN/Cr? - (ANSWER)ACE Inhibitors
,SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What finding on a UA id indicative of true kidney damage? - (ANSWER)Casts- WBC or RBC casts always
need to be referred out
When do we screen for microalbumin in the urine? - (ANSWER)We're always going to screen when DM
and HTN is first diagnosed.
What are the most common causes of CKD? - (ANSWER)HTN and DM
Why is it important to perform early screening for microalbumin in the urine? - (ANSWER)Patients who
have mild kidney damage do not have symptoms, this screening will ideally identify damage early and
prevent progression.
What stage of CKD do patients show true symptoms? - (ANSWER)Stage 3 or worse
How often are we screening for micro albumin? - (ANSWER)Bare minimum is going to be annually for
patients with DM or HTN or both.
What is the normal range of microalbumin? - (ANSWER)< 30
What is the most common symptom of all anemias? - (ANSWER)Fatigue
What is a normal hemoglobin level? - (ANSWER)12-18
Women are on the lower end, and men are on the higher end
What is a normal hemoglobin to hematocrit ratio? - (ANSWER)3 to 1
36-54%
What does MCV stand for? - (ANSWER)mean corpuscular volume
, SARAH MICHELLE LIVE REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
What is a normal MCV? - (ANSWER)80-100
What does low MCV indicate? - (ANSWER)Microcytic anemias
What is the most common microcytic anemia? - (ANSWER)Iron deficiency anemia
What is the biggest risk faction for the development of IDA is int he first year of life? - (ANSWER)The
ingestion of cow's milk
What does high MCV levels indicate? - (ANSWER)Microcytic anemia
What are the most common microcytic anemias? - (ANSWER)B12 and folate
What symptoms are common with B12 deficiency anemia? - (ANSWER)Neuro symptoms- the most
common symptom is parasthesia
What surgery typically leads to B12 deficiency anemia? - (ANSWER)Gastrectomy patients- who have part
of their stomach removed
Why do gastrectomy patients typically have B12 deficiency anemia? - (ANSWER)In order for B12 to be
absorbed, it needs to be able to combine with intrinsic factor, which is produced in the stomach. If we
remove a large portion of the stomach then we lose a lot of that intrinsic factor.
What diabetes medication used long term can also lead to B12 deficiency? - (ANSWER)Metformin
What is an abnormal lead level? - (ANSWER)>5, ideally no lead should be within the body
What kind of symptoms may lead intoxication lead to? - (ANSWER)Cognitive delays and behavioral
problems
