Page 1 of 194
NR325 / NR-325 EXAM 1 (LATEST UPDATE 2025):
ADULT HEALTH II | COMPLETE GUIDE WITH
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100%
CORRECT - CHAMBERLAIN
Endocrine System Function .....ANSWER.....Produce hormones and
secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin .....ANSWER.....Regulator of metabolism and storage of
ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage
hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones .....ANSWER.....Oppose the effects
of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a
regulated release of glucose for energy, and help maintain
normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
,Page 2 of 194
Glucagon .....ANSWER.....Normally produced by pancreatic
alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels.
In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so
much insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus .....ANSWER.....A chronic, multi-system disease
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin
utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications
can be delayed or prevented with good management. African
Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans
have a higher incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications .....ANSWER.....Diabetes is the leading
cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-
traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major contributing
factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes
.....ANSWER.....Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to
,Page 3 of 194
reduced B-cell function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and
altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes
is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal
physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology .....ANSWER.....Formerly known as
"juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for
5-10% of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure
to a virus are factors that may contribute to the development of
DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells.
Manifestations occur after the pancreas is unable to produced
, Page 4 of 194
insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER
with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms .....ANSWER.....Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes .....ANSWER.....Known as impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs .....ANSWER.....IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-
126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab .....ANSWER.....It is a test that determines how well your
glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
NR325 / NR-325 EXAM 1 (LATEST UPDATE 2025):
ADULT HEALTH II | COMPLETE GUIDE WITH
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100%
CORRECT - CHAMBERLAIN
Endocrine System Function .....ANSWER.....Produce hormones and
secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin .....ANSWER.....Regulator of metabolism and storage of
ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage
hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones .....ANSWER.....Oppose the effects
of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a
regulated release of glucose for energy, and help maintain
normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
,Page 2 of 194
Glucagon .....ANSWER.....Normally produced by pancreatic
alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels.
In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so
much insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus .....ANSWER.....A chronic, multi-system disease
related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin
utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications
can be delayed or prevented with good management. African
Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans
have a higher incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications .....ANSWER.....Diabetes is the leading
cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-
traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major contributing
factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes
.....ANSWER.....Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to
,Page 3 of 194
reduced B-cell function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and
altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes
is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal
physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology .....ANSWER.....Formerly known as
"juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for
5-10% of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure
to a virus are factors that may contribute to the development of
DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells.
Manifestations occur after the pancreas is unable to produced
, Page 4 of 194
insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER
with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms .....ANSWER.....Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes .....ANSWER.....Known as impaired glucose tolerance
(IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs .....ANSWER.....IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-
126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab .....ANSWER.....It is a test that determines how well your
glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
