NUR 6003 Advanced Pathophysiology Study Guide & Review Questions

NUR 6003 Advanced Pathophysiology Review Questions How to use these study questions: The tests in Advanced Pathophysiology were written using this document as a guide. If you want to know how to study for the test, as you listen to the lectures, try to answer these questions. Then think, “How could that question be worded as multiple choice?” For example, Chapter 9, question 3 asks about the 3 types of arteries, their function, and structural differences. That could become a matching question, but only three types is little low for matching. So you could have a question that asks about the structure of one of the types, or the function of one of the types. You might be asked which one is most susceptible to a certain kind of injury. Finally, not all of you will have the same test. Because there are at least 6 questions that could be asked about this review question (3 functions and 3 structures) there is a good chance that you might be asked about function of elastic arteries, while a classmate may be asked about structure of arterioles. I assure you. EVERY SINGLE QUESTION IN THE ENTIRE COURSE COMES FROM THIS DOCUMENT!!! Chapter 1 Cell Injury 1. What is homeostasis? What happens if it is not maintained? Narrow range of intracellular environment, cell has to have a certain state, ph, shape, osmolality and if they change too much it can have cell injury, 2. What are the possible results of cellular stress? Normal cell at homeostasis has stress- if it can adapt and overcome it may have a new homeostasis , if can not overcome the stress then it will be injured; reversible injury- and irreversible injury- cell gets worse and progresses leaded to cell death; Necrosis abnormal cell death, apoptosis- cell commits suicide, 3. What are the main differences between normal cell death and pathological death? Cell death is a normal part of living such as epithelial, pathological death is not normal and mainly deals with a disease such as MI, infection, Alzheimer’s. MAIN REASON IS IT DEALS WITH A DISEASE 4. What are the reversible cellular adaptations to injury? Describe physiological and pathological examples for each one. Reversible changes to a cell to deal with a stimulus or injury, size, number, phenotype, metabolic function. Physiological- uterus in menstural cycle, or pathological= cell trying to escape injury or death 5. What are the additional responses to cellular injury? a. Hypertrophy- increase in size not number, occurs in tissues with limited capacity for replication, ex. Muscle cells. Heart cells in htn; limit to cells compensation and i. Uterus in pregnancy- physiologic b. Hyperplasia- increase in number of cells in tissues that can proliferation, may occur with hypertrophy too. i. Hormonal, glandular breast tissue during pregnancy- physiologic ii. Increased hepatocyte proliferation after a liver transplant or removal- compensatory iii. Caused by excessive hormonal growth factors; important in healing process after a injury, if the hormonal factors are removed the hyperplasia stops, if the cell doesn’t stop growing if hormonal factors are removed then cell risk for cancer Atropy- decreased cell size