NURS 753 Final Exam Study
Guide EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ALL CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
SOLVED AND GUARANTEED
SUCCESS!!
What is innate immunity? - provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, meaning it
provides protection against all invaders.
What is adaptative immunity? - Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to
the antigens.
What is antigen? - a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune
system
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - a protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
What is autoantibody? - an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an
individual's own proteins
What is lysozyme? - an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
,What is pyrogens? - Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
What is Humoral immunity? - interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell
function or humoral immunity)
What is cell-mediated immunity? - is the main mechanism by which the body fights the
tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? - known as major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
What is alloimmunity? - Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic,
autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and is of
similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
What is autoimmunity? - Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and
regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B
cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive
(bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells migrate,
peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has
regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
,What is allogenic? - Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of similar
tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
What is autologous? - hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE - o The same sequence of
response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory response is
triggered.
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation - Starts immediately after the injury and
continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - o Takes over until healing and repair are
complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? - Driven by mast cells.
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? - Fever is distinguished from other
forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because the body temperature
increase is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning.
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in temperature
along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's
just a response from an external factor.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY? - o Interferons do not
protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
, o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that inhibit
viral replication.
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - Process that involves
approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action of antibodies. Complement
proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - is activated during
infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory response by attracting
(chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - Activation primarily leads to
the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular permeability through
vasodilation, neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT FROM
GRANULATION TISSUE? - o This phase usually occurs because the acute response was not
effective in eliminating or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which is a
step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which
produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - § T Cells (cellular)
destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells can
further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up, B cells to
produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are involved in the inflammatory process and the
activation of macrophages.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF B CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - B Cells (humoral)
produce antibodies against the antigen
Guide EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ALL CORRECT ANSWERS 100%
SOLVED AND GUARANTEED
SUCCESS!!
What is innate immunity? - provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, meaning it
provides protection against all invaders.
What is adaptative immunity? - Can take 7-10 days to provide protection, but it is specific to
the antigens.
What is antigen? - a foreign agent that triggers the production of antibodies by the immune
system
What is antibody (immunoglobulin)? - a protein used by the immune system to identify and
neutralized foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria
What is autoantibody? - an antibody made by the immune system that attacks an
individual's own proteins
What is lysozyme? - an enzyme that dissolves bacterial cell walls.
,What is pyrogens? - Molecules that cause the systemic response of fever
What is Humoral immunity? - interaction to produce antibodies against the antigen (B-Cell
function or humoral immunity)
What is cell-mediated immunity? - is the main mechanism by which the body fights the
tubercle bacillus and starts a few weeks after infection.
What is Human Leukocyte antigen system? - known as major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) in humans, HLA system as the genes are expressed on the surface of the WBC.
What is alloimmunity? - Four types of tissue transplants are possible—allogeneic, syngeneic,
autologous, and xenogenic.
§ Allogeneic transplants are those in which the tissue used is from the same species and is of
similar tissue type, but it is not identical.
What is autoimmunity? - Failure of central and peripheral tolerance, sequestration, and
regulatory mechanisms
§ Central tolerance occurs in primary lymphoid tissue (thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B
cells) when lymphocytes are maturing. With central tolerance, B or T cells that are autoreactive
(bind to self) are destroyed or suppressed.
§ In the secondary lymphoid tissue (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen) where B and T cells migrate,
peripheral tolerance and self-antigens are simply not recognized.
§ In normal immunity, self-antigens are often sequestered, and the immune system has
regulatory mechanisms that limit the degree of immune reactivity
§ Exogenous triggers or endogenous abnormalities
,What is allogenic? - Those in which tissue used is from the same species and is of similar
tissue type but it is not identical. Most transplants are allogenic.
What is autologous? - hosts and donor are the same person for transplants.
DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE - o The same sequence of
response occurs no matter the type of injury or prior exposure as there is no memory involved.
o Part of the body's innate immunity and is non-discriminatory.
o When cells and body tissues are injured, regardless of the cause, the inflammatory response is
triggered.
Describe the Acute phase of inflammation - Starts immediately after the injury and
continues until the threat is eliminated (hours to days)
Describe the chronic phase of inflammation - o Takes over until healing and repair are
complete (weeks or months).
o Both acute and chronic inflammation lead to local and systemic effects
·WHICH CELL DRIVES THE LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? - Driven by mast cells.
HOW IS FEVER DIFFERENTIATED FROM HYPERTHERMIA? - Fever is distinguished from other
forms of hyperthermia (heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia) because the body temperature
increase is regulated, and thermoregulatory mechanisms of heating and cooling are functioning.
Hyperthermia from heat stroke involves a dysfunctional unregulated increase in temperature
along with an inability of the body to cool itself. Hypothalamus is not reset in hyperthermia, it's
just a response from an external factor.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTERFERONS IN INNATE IMMUNITY? - o Interferons do not
protect cells already infected by a virus but rather stop the spread of the virus to new cells.
, o The binding of interferons to uninfected cells triggers the synthesis of enzymes that inhibit
viral replication.
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - Process that involves
approximately 20 blood plasma proteins and enhances the action of antibodies. Complement
proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
FUNCTION OF CLOTTING SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - is activated during
infection and injury. Ultimately participates in the inflammatory response by attracting
(chemotaxis) neutrophils to the site of injury and causing increased vascular permeability.
FUNCTION OF KININ SYSTEM RELATED TO INNATE IMMUNITY - Activation primarily leads to
the development of bradykinin. Bradykinin causes pain, increased vascular permeability through
vasodilation, neutrophil recruitment, and smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction).
WHY DO GRANULOMAS FORM IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION? HOW IS THIS DIFFERENT FROM
GRANULATION TISSUE? - o This phase usually occurs because the acute response was not
effective in eliminating or repairing the injury or infection.
o Granuloma formation is not to be confused with granulation tissue development which is a
step-in tissue repair. Granulation tissue is a mixture of new vasculature and fibroblasts, which
produces connective tissue fibers and collagen.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF T CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - § T Cells (cellular)
destroy the antigen.
T cells are responsible for hypersensitivity reactions and transplant rejection. Helper cells can
further be subdivided into T-helper (Th) 1 and Th 2. The Th 2 cells activate, or call up, B cells to
produce antibodies while the Th 1 cells are involved in the inflammatory process and the
activation of macrophages.
DIFFERENTIATE THE FUNCTIONS OF B CELLS IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - B Cells (humoral)
produce antibodies against the antigen
