Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide

Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Atrophy:  Decrease in the size of cells  Results in reduced tissue mass  Common causes: reduced use of the tissue (in cast), insufficient nutrition, decrease neurologic or hormonal stimulation, aging Hypertrophy:  Increase in cell size  Results in enlarged tissue mass; ex) enlarged heart w/ heart failure  Causes: additional work by the tissue( lifting weights), excessive hormonal stimulation Hyperplasia:  Increased number of cells  Results in enlarged tissue mass ex) uterus in pregnancy  Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance Metaplasia:  Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type  Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue Dysplasia:  Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue  Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change Anaplasia:  Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures  Characteristic of cancer Neoplasia:  New growth  Commonly called tumor Causes of cell death: 1. Ischemia: Most common cause of cell death; Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ due to circulation obstruction 2. Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in tissues/blood; Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular metabolism 3. Physical damage: extreme heat/ cold 4. Mechanical damage: pressure, tumor, obstruction 5. Chemical toxins: exogenous-pollution endogenous-free radicals 6. Microorganisms/pathogens -bacteria/viruses