, CONTEXT
Chapter 1. Population Health
Chapter 2. Determinants of Health
Chapter 3. Advanced Practice Nursing Role and Competencies in
Epidemiology and Population Health
Chapter 4. Epidemiology Primer
Chapter 5. Historical Epidemiological Perspectives
Chapter 6. Etiology and Natural History of Disease and Illness
Chapter 7. Disease Occurrence: Morbidity and Mortality
Chapter 8. Diagnostic and Screening Tests: Validity and Reliability
Chapter 9. Risk Assessment and Estimation
Chapter 10. Observational Epidemiologic Research: Introduction to
Observational Research – Descriptive, Case Studies, Case Series,
Ecological, and Cross-Sectional
Chapter 11. Cohort Studies
Chapter 12. Case Control, Other Study Designs, and Research
Appraisal
Chapter 13. Experimental Studies: Quasi-Experimental, Experimental,
and Randomized Clinical Trials
Chapter 14. Epidemiologic Design Bias, Confounders, and Interaction
Chapter 15. Biostatistics Primer
Chapter 16. Field, Forensic, and Legal Epidemiology
Chapter 17. Pandemic Epidemiology
Chapter 18. Social Epidemiology
Chapter 19. Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Chapter 20. Genetic and Environmental Epidemiology
Chapter 21. Occupational Epidemiology
Chapter 22. Reproductive and Maternal Health Epidemiology
Chapter 23. Clinical and Healthcare Epidemiology and Evidence-Based
Healthcare
Chapter 24. Epidemiology in Health Policy and Program Evaluation
Chapter 25. Epidemiological Ethical and Professional Issues
,Chapter 1: Population Health
1.
A nurse practitioner (NP) is evaluating community health outcomes for
hypertension. They notice that certain neighborhoods have higher rates
despite similar demographics. Which population health approach is most
appropriate?
A. Focused individual patient counseling
B. Community-level intervention targeting social determinants
C. Prescribing antihypertensive medication to high-risk individuals
D. Genetic screening for hypertension
Answer: B
Rationale: Population health focuses on health outcomes across groups.
Addressing social determinants at the community level aligns with this
framework rather than only treating individuals.
Keywords: Population health, social determinants, community intervention,
hypertension
2.
During a public health assessment, an APN identifies disparities in diabetes
prevalence across ethnic groups. Which measure should they use to
monitor these outcomes over time?
A. Incidence
B. Prevalence
C. Relative risk
D. Odds ratio
,Answer: B
Rationale: Prevalence measures the proportion of individuals with diabetes
at a given time, making it suitable for monitoring disparities in population
health.
Keywords: Health disparities, prevalence, population-level data, diabetes
3.
A local clinic implements a program offering free exercise classes to reduce
obesity. After 6 months, BMI reductions are seen in the participating
neighborhood. Which concept does this exemplify?
A. Individual-level clinical care
B. Population-based intervention
C. Case-control study
D. Genetic predisposition management
Answer: B
Rationale: Providing community-wide exercise classes is a population-
based strategy to improve health outcomes, reflecting the population
health approach.
Keywords: Population-based intervention, obesity, community health,
preventive care
4.
A community shows high rates of lead poisoning in children living near old
housing. An APN develops a program for lead testing and removal. Which
aspect of population health does this illustrate?
A. Health promotion
B. Disease surveillance
,C. Environmental health intervention
D. Clinical case management
Answer: C
Rationale: Addressing environmental exposures at the community level is a
core aspect of population health. Surveillance may detect cases, but
intervention removes the hazard.
Keywords: Environmental health, population intervention, lead exposure,
child health
5.
An APN examines differences in vaccination rates across socioeconomic
groups. Which of the following best identifies the observed inequities?
A. Health indicators
B. Risk ratios
C. Confounding variables
D. Etiology
Answer: A
Rationale: Health indicators, such as vaccination coverage, help identify
population disparities and guide interventions.
Keywords: Health indicators, vaccination, health disparities, population
assessment
6.
A policy initiative targets reducing cardiovascular disease in a community
through smoking cessation, nutrition, and exercise programs. This strategy
represents:
,A. Individual clinical care
B. Population health approach
C. Genetic counseling
D. Case-control study
Answer: B
Rationale: Multi-level interventions addressing behavioral and social
determinants across the population exemplify a population health strategy.
Keywords: Population health, policy intervention, cardiovascular disease
prevention, health promotion
7.
An APN notices that a low-income neighborhood has higher rates of
asthma hospitalizations. What population health strategy is most effective?
A. Prescribe inhalers to affected individuals
B. Implement indoor air quality improvement programs in the community
C. Screen only hospitalized patients for asthma
D. Provide genetic testing for asthma susceptibility
Answer: B
Rationale: Improving community environmental conditions addresses
population-level determinants and reduces health disparities.
Keywords: Environmental determinants, asthma, population-level
intervention, health equity
8.
A nurse practitioner is asked to evaluate population health metrics. Which
would be a key indicator for cardiovascular disease burden in the
community?
,A. Hospital readmission rate
B. Incidence of myocardial infarction
C. Genetic predisposition scores
D. Individual blood pressure readings
Answer: B
Rationale: Incidence at the population level indicates disease occurrence,
allowing assessment of the burden across groups.
Keywords: Incidence, population metrics, cardiovascular disease, health
indicators
9.
A community intervention reduces obesity prevalence among adults but
not children. Which population health concept does this illustrate?
A. Health disparity
B. Relative risk
C. Case fatality rate
D. Environmental determinant
Answer: A
Rationale: Unequal improvement in health outcomes across subgroups
highlights health disparities within the population.
Keywords: Health disparity, obesity, population health evaluation,
subgroup differences
10.
Which APN role is essential in population health when designing
community-level interventions?
, A. Performing individual patient assessments
B. Translating epidemiologic data into actionable strategies
C. Prescribing medications for chronic disease
D. Conducting laboratory research
Answer: B
Rationale: APNs bridge population health data with community
interventions, translating epidemiology into actionable health strategies.
Keywords: APN role, population health, epidemiology application,
community interventions
11.
An urban neighborhood has rising rates of hypertension. Which
combination of determinants should an APN assess first?
A. Genetic, biological, behavioral
B. Social, environmental, behavioral
C. Occupational, genetic, biological
D. Nutritional, genetic, occupational
Answer: B
Rationale: Social determinants (income, education), environmental factors
(stress, built environment), and behavioral factors (diet, exercise) primarily
influence hypertension at the community level.
Keywords: Social determinants, environmental determinants, behavioral
determinants, hypertension
12.
An APN uses population health data to prioritize interventions. Which
metric best identifies which neighborhoods require the most urgent action?
Chapter 1. Population Health
Chapter 2. Determinants of Health
Chapter 3. Advanced Practice Nursing Role and Competencies in
Epidemiology and Population Health
Chapter 4. Epidemiology Primer
Chapter 5. Historical Epidemiological Perspectives
Chapter 6. Etiology and Natural History of Disease and Illness
Chapter 7. Disease Occurrence: Morbidity and Mortality
Chapter 8. Diagnostic and Screening Tests: Validity and Reliability
Chapter 9. Risk Assessment and Estimation
Chapter 10. Observational Epidemiologic Research: Introduction to
Observational Research – Descriptive, Case Studies, Case Series,
Ecological, and Cross-Sectional
Chapter 11. Cohort Studies
Chapter 12. Case Control, Other Study Designs, and Research
Appraisal
Chapter 13. Experimental Studies: Quasi-Experimental, Experimental,
and Randomized Clinical Trials
Chapter 14. Epidemiologic Design Bias, Confounders, and Interaction
Chapter 15. Biostatistics Primer
Chapter 16. Field, Forensic, and Legal Epidemiology
Chapter 17. Pandemic Epidemiology
Chapter 18. Social Epidemiology
Chapter 19. Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Chapter 20. Genetic and Environmental Epidemiology
Chapter 21. Occupational Epidemiology
Chapter 22. Reproductive and Maternal Health Epidemiology
Chapter 23. Clinical and Healthcare Epidemiology and Evidence-Based
Healthcare
Chapter 24. Epidemiology in Health Policy and Program Evaluation
Chapter 25. Epidemiological Ethical and Professional Issues
,Chapter 1: Population Health
1.
A nurse practitioner (NP) is evaluating community health outcomes for
hypertension. They notice that certain neighborhoods have higher rates
despite similar demographics. Which population health approach is most
appropriate?
A. Focused individual patient counseling
B. Community-level intervention targeting social determinants
C. Prescribing antihypertensive medication to high-risk individuals
D. Genetic screening for hypertension
Answer: B
Rationale: Population health focuses on health outcomes across groups.
Addressing social determinants at the community level aligns with this
framework rather than only treating individuals.
Keywords: Population health, social determinants, community intervention,
hypertension
2.
During a public health assessment, an APN identifies disparities in diabetes
prevalence across ethnic groups. Which measure should they use to
monitor these outcomes over time?
A. Incidence
B. Prevalence
C. Relative risk
D. Odds ratio
,Answer: B
Rationale: Prevalence measures the proportion of individuals with diabetes
at a given time, making it suitable for monitoring disparities in population
health.
Keywords: Health disparities, prevalence, population-level data, diabetes
3.
A local clinic implements a program offering free exercise classes to reduce
obesity. After 6 months, BMI reductions are seen in the participating
neighborhood. Which concept does this exemplify?
A. Individual-level clinical care
B. Population-based intervention
C. Case-control study
D. Genetic predisposition management
Answer: B
Rationale: Providing community-wide exercise classes is a population-
based strategy to improve health outcomes, reflecting the population
health approach.
Keywords: Population-based intervention, obesity, community health,
preventive care
4.
A community shows high rates of lead poisoning in children living near old
housing. An APN develops a program for lead testing and removal. Which
aspect of population health does this illustrate?
A. Health promotion
B. Disease surveillance
,C. Environmental health intervention
D. Clinical case management
Answer: C
Rationale: Addressing environmental exposures at the community level is a
core aspect of population health. Surveillance may detect cases, but
intervention removes the hazard.
Keywords: Environmental health, population intervention, lead exposure,
child health
5.
An APN examines differences in vaccination rates across socioeconomic
groups. Which of the following best identifies the observed inequities?
A. Health indicators
B. Risk ratios
C. Confounding variables
D. Etiology
Answer: A
Rationale: Health indicators, such as vaccination coverage, help identify
population disparities and guide interventions.
Keywords: Health indicators, vaccination, health disparities, population
assessment
6.
A policy initiative targets reducing cardiovascular disease in a community
through smoking cessation, nutrition, and exercise programs. This strategy
represents:
,A. Individual clinical care
B. Population health approach
C. Genetic counseling
D. Case-control study
Answer: B
Rationale: Multi-level interventions addressing behavioral and social
determinants across the population exemplify a population health strategy.
Keywords: Population health, policy intervention, cardiovascular disease
prevention, health promotion
7.
An APN notices that a low-income neighborhood has higher rates of
asthma hospitalizations. What population health strategy is most effective?
A. Prescribe inhalers to affected individuals
B. Implement indoor air quality improvement programs in the community
C. Screen only hospitalized patients for asthma
D. Provide genetic testing for asthma susceptibility
Answer: B
Rationale: Improving community environmental conditions addresses
population-level determinants and reduces health disparities.
Keywords: Environmental determinants, asthma, population-level
intervention, health equity
8.
A nurse practitioner is asked to evaluate population health metrics. Which
would be a key indicator for cardiovascular disease burden in the
community?
,A. Hospital readmission rate
B. Incidence of myocardial infarction
C. Genetic predisposition scores
D. Individual blood pressure readings
Answer: B
Rationale: Incidence at the population level indicates disease occurrence,
allowing assessment of the burden across groups.
Keywords: Incidence, population metrics, cardiovascular disease, health
indicators
9.
A community intervention reduces obesity prevalence among adults but
not children. Which population health concept does this illustrate?
A. Health disparity
B. Relative risk
C. Case fatality rate
D. Environmental determinant
Answer: A
Rationale: Unequal improvement in health outcomes across subgroups
highlights health disparities within the population.
Keywords: Health disparity, obesity, population health evaluation,
subgroup differences
10.
Which APN role is essential in population health when designing
community-level interventions?
, A. Performing individual patient assessments
B. Translating epidemiologic data into actionable strategies
C. Prescribing medications for chronic disease
D. Conducting laboratory research
Answer: B
Rationale: APNs bridge population health data with community
interventions, translating epidemiology into actionable health strategies.
Keywords: APN role, population health, epidemiology application,
community interventions
11.
An urban neighborhood has rising rates of hypertension. Which
combination of determinants should an APN assess first?
A. Genetic, biological, behavioral
B. Social, environmental, behavioral
C. Occupational, genetic, biological
D. Nutritional, genetic, occupational
Answer: B
Rationale: Social determinants (income, education), environmental factors
(stress, built environment), and behavioral factors (diet, exercise) primarily
influence hypertension at the community level.
Keywords: Social determinants, environmental determinants, behavioral
determinants, hypertension
12.
An APN uses population health data to prioritize interventions. Which
metric best identifies which neighborhoods require the most urgent action?
