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Why are gambling disorders included? - THE CORRECT ANSWER-In
addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also
includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling
behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by
drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that
appear comparable to those produced by the substance use
disorders.
Why are other non-substance addictions not included? - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as
Internet gaming, have also been described, but the research on
these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus,
groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral
addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise
addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at
this time there is insufficient peer-re viewed evidence to
establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed
to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.
,What two groups are substance-related disorders are divided
into? - THE CORRECT ANSWER-The substance-related disorders are
divided into two groups: substance use disorders and
substance-induced disorders. The following conditions may be
classified as sub stance-induced: intoxication, withdrawal, and
other substance/medication-induced mental disorders
(psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depressive
disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related
disorders, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunctions, delirium, and
neurocognitive disorders).
What is the essential feature of a substance use disorder? - THE
CORRECT ANSWER-The essential feature of a substance use disorder
is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological
symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the
substance de spite significant substance-related problems. The
diagnosis of a sub stance use disorder can be applied to all 10
classes included in this chapter except caffeine. For certain
classes some symptoms are less salient, and in a few instances
not all symptoms apply (e.g., withdrawal symptoms are not
specified for phencyclidine use disorder, other hallucinogen use
disorder, or inhalant use disorder).
What is the diagnosis of a substance use disorder based on? -
THE CORRECT ANSWER-The diagnosis of a substance use disorder is
based on a pathological pattern of behaviors related to use of
the substance. To assist with organization. Criterion A criteria
can be considered to fit within overall groupings of impaired
control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological
criteria. Impaired control over substance use is the first criteria
grouping (Criteria 1-4).
,What are the criteria for a substance use disorder - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-The individual may take the substance in larger amounts
or over a longer period than was originally intended (Criterion
1).
The individual may express a persistent desire to cut down or
regulate substance use and may report multiple unsuccessful
efforts to decrease or discontinue use (Criterion 2).
The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the
substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects
(Criterion 3).
In some instances of more severe substance use disorders,
virtually all of the individual's daily activities revolve around
the substance.
How is craving manifested? What type of conditioning does
craving involved? - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Craving (Criterion 4) is
manifested by an intense desire or urge for the drug that may
occur at any time but is more likely when in an environment
where the drug previously was obtained or used.
Craving has also been shown to involve classical conditioning
and is associated with activation of specific reward structures in
the brain.
Craving is queried by asking if there has ever been a time when
they had such strong urges to take the drug that they could not
think of anything else. Current craving is of ten used as a
, treatment outcome measure because it may be a signal of
impending relapse.
What is included in social impairment? - THE CORRECT ANSWER-
Social impairment is the second grouping of criteria (Criteria 5-
7). Recurrent substance use may result in a failure to fulfill
major role obligations at work, school, or home (Criterion 5).
The individual may continue substance use despite having
persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused
or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (Criterion 6).
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be
given up or reduced because of substance use (Criterion 7). The
individual may withdraw from family activities and hobbies in
order to use the substance.
What is included in risky use? - THE CORRECT ANSWER-Risky use of
the substance is the third grouping of criteria (Criteria 8-9).
This may take the form of recurrent substance use in situations
in which it is physically hazardous (Criterion 8). The individual
may continue substance use despite knowledge of having a
persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is
likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance
(Criterion 9). The key issue in evaluating this criterion is not
the existence of the problem, but rather the individual's failure
to abstain from using the substance despite the difficulty it is
causing.
What is included in pharmacological criteria? - THE CORRECT
ANSWER-Pharmacological criteria are the final grouping (Criteria
10 and 11).