psy 322 unit 2 Questions with 100%
Correct Answers
memory Correct Answer: processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using
information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original
information is no longer present, active any time some past experience has an
impact on how think or behave now or in the future
Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin) Correct Answer: proposes 3 types
of memory: sensory memory --> short-term memory --> long-term memory, also
include control processes
sensory memory Correct Answer: retention, for brief periods of time, of the
effects of sensory stimulation, info decays very quickly
sensory memory capacity Correct Answer: initial stage that holds all incoming
info for secs or fractions of a sec
persistence of vision Correct Answer: retention of the perception of light
Sperling Experiment (1960) Correct Answer: used to measure the capacity and
duration of sensory memory by flashing an array of letter quickly on the screen
and participants asked to report as many as possible, whole report method,
partial report method, delayed partial report method
whole report method (Sperling) Correct Answer: participants asked to report as
many letters as double be seen, avg of 4.5/12 letters (37.5%)
partial report method (sperling) Correct Answer: participants heard tone that
told them which row of letters to report, avg 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%),
participants could report any of the rows
,delayed partial report method Correct Answer: presentation of tone delayed
for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished, performance
decreases rapidly
iconic memory Correct Answer: brief sensory memory of the things that we see,
responsible for persistence of vision, 250-500ms
echoic memory Correct Answer: brief sensory memory of the thing that we hear,
responsible for persistence of sound, 2-4 secs
short-term memory Correct Answer: stores small amounts of info for a brief
duration, includes both new info received from the sensory stores and info
recalled from LTM
measuring duration of STM Correct Answer: reading 3 letters then a 3-digit
number then begin counting backwards by 3s, then after a set time recall 3
letters, found that after 3 secs of counting participants performed at 80s and
after 18 secs, participants performed at 10%, reduction in performance
explained by decay
decay Correct Answer: the vanishing of a memory trace due to passage of time
and exposure to competing stimuli
measurements of the capacity of STM Correct Answer: digit span, change
detection, chunking
digit span Correct Answer: how many digits a person can remember, typical
result is 5-8 items but originally estimated to be 7 +/-2 items
chunking Correct Answer: small units can be combined into larger meaningful
units
, chunk Correct Answer: a collection of elements strongly associated with one
another but weakly associated with element in other chunks
Ericsson et al. (1980) Correct Answer: trained a college student with avg
memory to use chunking in which student had initial digit span of 7 but after 230
one-hour training sessions, student could remember up to 79 digits by chunking
them into meaningful units
Chess and Simon (1973) Correct Answer: memory for chess pieces on a board
with chess masters and beginners in which in a real game master does better
because can chunk based on game positions but in a randomly-positioned
game, no advantage for master so does about the same as beginner b/c
cannot chunk
long term memory capacity Correct Answer: can hold a large amount of info
for years or even decades
short-term memory capacity Correct Answer: holds 5-7 items about 15-20 secs
control processes Correct Answer: active processes that can be controlled by
the person, includes rehearsal, strategies used to make a stimulus more
memorable, strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli
working memory Correct Answer: similar concept to STM, limited capacity
system for temporary storage and manipulation of info for complex tasks, such
as comprehension, learning, reasoning
how working memory differs from STM Correct Answer: STM holds info for a brief
period of time while WM concerned with the storage, processing, manipulation
of info, and is active during complex cognition
3 main components of working memory (Baddeley and Hitch) Correct Answer:
visuospatial sketch pad, phonological loop, central executive, set up to process
Correct Answers
memory Correct Answer: processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using
information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original
information is no longer present, active any time some past experience has an
impact on how think or behave now or in the future
Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin) Correct Answer: proposes 3 types
of memory: sensory memory --> short-term memory --> long-term memory, also
include control processes
sensory memory Correct Answer: retention, for brief periods of time, of the
effects of sensory stimulation, info decays very quickly
sensory memory capacity Correct Answer: initial stage that holds all incoming
info for secs or fractions of a sec
persistence of vision Correct Answer: retention of the perception of light
Sperling Experiment (1960) Correct Answer: used to measure the capacity and
duration of sensory memory by flashing an array of letter quickly on the screen
and participants asked to report as many as possible, whole report method,
partial report method, delayed partial report method
whole report method (Sperling) Correct Answer: participants asked to report as
many letters as double be seen, avg of 4.5/12 letters (37.5%)
partial report method (sperling) Correct Answer: participants heard tone that
told them which row of letters to report, avg 3.3 out of 4 letters (82%),
participants could report any of the rows
,delayed partial report method Correct Answer: presentation of tone delayed
for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished, performance
decreases rapidly
iconic memory Correct Answer: brief sensory memory of the things that we see,
responsible for persistence of vision, 250-500ms
echoic memory Correct Answer: brief sensory memory of the thing that we hear,
responsible for persistence of sound, 2-4 secs
short-term memory Correct Answer: stores small amounts of info for a brief
duration, includes both new info received from the sensory stores and info
recalled from LTM
measuring duration of STM Correct Answer: reading 3 letters then a 3-digit
number then begin counting backwards by 3s, then after a set time recall 3
letters, found that after 3 secs of counting participants performed at 80s and
after 18 secs, participants performed at 10%, reduction in performance
explained by decay
decay Correct Answer: the vanishing of a memory trace due to passage of time
and exposure to competing stimuli
measurements of the capacity of STM Correct Answer: digit span, change
detection, chunking
digit span Correct Answer: how many digits a person can remember, typical
result is 5-8 items but originally estimated to be 7 +/-2 items
chunking Correct Answer: small units can be combined into larger meaningful
units
, chunk Correct Answer: a collection of elements strongly associated with one
another but weakly associated with element in other chunks
Ericsson et al. (1980) Correct Answer: trained a college student with avg
memory to use chunking in which student had initial digit span of 7 but after 230
one-hour training sessions, student could remember up to 79 digits by chunking
them into meaningful units
Chess and Simon (1973) Correct Answer: memory for chess pieces on a board
with chess masters and beginners in which in a real game master does better
because can chunk based on game positions but in a randomly-positioned
game, no advantage for master so does about the same as beginner b/c
cannot chunk
long term memory capacity Correct Answer: can hold a large amount of info
for years or even decades
short-term memory capacity Correct Answer: holds 5-7 items about 15-20 secs
control processes Correct Answer: active processes that can be controlled by
the person, includes rehearsal, strategies used to make a stimulus more
memorable, strategies of attention that help you focus on specific stimuli
working memory Correct Answer: similar concept to STM, limited capacity
system for temporary storage and manipulation of info for complex tasks, such
as comprehension, learning, reasoning
how working memory differs from STM Correct Answer: STM holds info for a brief
period of time while WM concerned with the storage, processing, manipulation
of info, and is active during complex cognition
3 main components of working memory (Baddeley and Hitch) Correct Answer:
visuospatial sketch pad, phonological loop, central executive, set up to process
