psy 322 unit 3 Questions with 100%
Correct Answers
eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: testimony by eyewitness to a crime
about what he/she saw during the crime, one of the most convincing types of
evidence to a jury b/c assume that people see or remember accurately
errors in eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: mistaken identity, constructive
nature of memory, errors made due to familiarity, due to attention and arousal,
and due to suggestion
wells and Bradfield on eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: participants view
security videotape with gunman in view for 8 seconds, everyone identified
someone as gunman from photos afterward but actual gunman's picture not
presented so everyone wrong, assume picture is in lineup so chooses someone
errors in eyewitness testimony due to attention and arousal Correct Answer:
attention narrowed to specific stimuli dictated by priority in moment, weapon
focus
weapon focus Correct Answer: if weapon involved, paying attention to it so lose
other details that would have been relevant later (perpetrator), survival focused
so aware of threats
Stanny and Johnson's (2000) weapon focus experiment Correct Answer: people
remember more details when weapon not fired, lot of detail remembered
about weapon and victim in both cases, less detail about perpetrator
remembered
errors in eyewitness testimony due to familiarity Correct Answer: source
monitoring
,ross et al (1994) Correct Answer: shows familiarity can cause misidentification
issues because group who viewed film of male teacher reading to students
wrongly identified him as robber of female teacher more of the time than group
who saw film of female teacher reading to students
errors in eyewitness testimony due to suggestion Correct Answer: suggestive
questioning can lead to misinformation effect, confirming feedback can lead to
post-identification feedback effect, so interrogators can influence/contaminate
people's memory when sitting down and talking to them, confidence in one's
memories may be increased by post event questioning, may make memories
easier to retrieve b/c of positive reinforcement
Wells and Bradfield (1998) "Good, You Identified the Suspect" Correct Answer:
found type of feedback from experimenter influenced subjects' confidence in
their identification where confirming feedback resulted in highest confidence
strategies to improve eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: inform witness that
perpetrator might not be in lineup, use fillers in lineup similar to suspect, use
sequential presentation not simultaneous presentation, improve interviewing
techniques (ex. cognitive interview)
sequential presentation Correct Answer: see one photo or person at a time so
comparing person to memory of crime, improves accuracy of eyewitness
testimony
simultaneous presentation Correct Answer: lay out all photos or people and look
at them all at same time, so comparing person to everyone else instead of
memory, leads to errors in eyewitness testimony
cognitive interview Correct Answer: person imagine themselves back in the
environment to provide context, neutral in questioning, ask to tell stories in
different ways (not just start to finish), ask them to take another perspective,
weeds out people who are not truthful and improves eyewitness testimony
, conceptual knowledge Correct Answer: enables us to recognize objects and
events and to make inferences about their properties
concept Correct Answer: mental representation used for a variety of cognitive
functions
categorization Correct Answer: process by which things are placed into groups
called categories
categories Correct Answer: all possible examples of a particular concept
why categories are useful Correct Answer: help to understand individual cases
not previously encountered, pointers to knowledge
how are categories "pointers to knowledge" Correct Answer: provide a wealth
of general info about an item, allow us to identify special characteristics of a
particular item, do not have to explicitly be told info, can infer it from this
definitional approach to categorization Correct Answer: determine category
membership based on whether the object meets the definition of the category,
does not work well b/c not all members of everyday categories have same
defining features
family resemblance Correct Answer: things in a category resemble one another
in a number of ways but do not have to share every features, has to fit most but
not all, never will fully satisfy all criteria involved for everyone
prototype approach to categorization Correct Answer: abstract representation
of the typical member of a category, characteristic features that describe what
members of that concept are like, an average of category members
encountered in the past, contains most salient features, true of most instances
of that category
Correct Answers
eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: testimony by eyewitness to a crime
about what he/she saw during the crime, one of the most convincing types of
evidence to a jury b/c assume that people see or remember accurately
errors in eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: mistaken identity, constructive
nature of memory, errors made due to familiarity, due to attention and arousal,
and due to suggestion
wells and Bradfield on eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: participants view
security videotape with gunman in view for 8 seconds, everyone identified
someone as gunman from photos afterward but actual gunman's picture not
presented so everyone wrong, assume picture is in lineup so chooses someone
errors in eyewitness testimony due to attention and arousal Correct Answer:
attention narrowed to specific stimuli dictated by priority in moment, weapon
focus
weapon focus Correct Answer: if weapon involved, paying attention to it so lose
other details that would have been relevant later (perpetrator), survival focused
so aware of threats
Stanny and Johnson's (2000) weapon focus experiment Correct Answer: people
remember more details when weapon not fired, lot of detail remembered
about weapon and victim in both cases, less detail about perpetrator
remembered
errors in eyewitness testimony due to familiarity Correct Answer: source
monitoring
,ross et al (1994) Correct Answer: shows familiarity can cause misidentification
issues because group who viewed film of male teacher reading to students
wrongly identified him as robber of female teacher more of the time than group
who saw film of female teacher reading to students
errors in eyewitness testimony due to suggestion Correct Answer: suggestive
questioning can lead to misinformation effect, confirming feedback can lead to
post-identification feedback effect, so interrogators can influence/contaminate
people's memory when sitting down and talking to them, confidence in one's
memories may be increased by post event questioning, may make memories
easier to retrieve b/c of positive reinforcement
Wells and Bradfield (1998) "Good, You Identified the Suspect" Correct Answer:
found type of feedback from experimenter influenced subjects' confidence in
their identification where confirming feedback resulted in highest confidence
strategies to improve eyewitness testimony Correct Answer: inform witness that
perpetrator might not be in lineup, use fillers in lineup similar to suspect, use
sequential presentation not simultaneous presentation, improve interviewing
techniques (ex. cognitive interview)
sequential presentation Correct Answer: see one photo or person at a time so
comparing person to memory of crime, improves accuracy of eyewitness
testimony
simultaneous presentation Correct Answer: lay out all photos or people and look
at them all at same time, so comparing person to everyone else instead of
memory, leads to errors in eyewitness testimony
cognitive interview Correct Answer: person imagine themselves back in the
environment to provide context, neutral in questioning, ask to tell stories in
different ways (not just start to finish), ask them to take another perspective,
weeds out people who are not truthful and improves eyewitness testimony
, conceptual knowledge Correct Answer: enables us to recognize objects and
events and to make inferences about their properties
concept Correct Answer: mental representation used for a variety of cognitive
functions
categorization Correct Answer: process by which things are placed into groups
called categories
categories Correct Answer: all possible examples of a particular concept
why categories are useful Correct Answer: help to understand individual cases
not previously encountered, pointers to knowledge
how are categories "pointers to knowledge" Correct Answer: provide a wealth
of general info about an item, allow us to identify special characteristics of a
particular item, do not have to explicitly be told info, can infer it from this
definitional approach to categorization Correct Answer: determine category
membership based on whether the object meets the definition of the category,
does not work well b/c not all members of everyday categories have same
defining features
family resemblance Correct Answer: things in a category resemble one another
in a number of ways but do not have to share every features, has to fit most but
not all, never will fully satisfy all criteria involved for everyone
prototype approach to categorization Correct Answer: abstract representation
of the typical member of a category, characteristic features that describe what
members of that concept are like, an average of category members
encountered in the past, contains most salient features, true of most instances
of that category
