NUR 339- Final Exam 3 Questions All
Answered Correct Rated A+ 2025-2026
Edition.
What are the functions of water? - Answer -transport nutrients
-remove wastes
-regulate body temperature
What % is the adult body weight water? - Answer 50-60%
What are the two compartments of fluid in the body? - Answer -ICF: intracellular fluid = 70%
total body H2O
-ECF: extracellular fluid = 30% total body H2O
What fluids are included in the ECF? - Answer -Plasma = 1/4 of the ECF
-Interstitial fluid = 3/4 of the ECF
-Also lymph, bone and connective tissue fluid, special spaces (synovial, CSF, peritoneal, pleural
fluids)
What separates the 3 fluids from eachother? - Answer Cell and capillary membranes
What does the ECF contain? - Answer Large amounts of Na and CL and small amounts of K,
Mg, Ca, and phosphate
What does the ICF contain? - Answer Large amounts of K and small amounts of Ca, Na, Cl,
bicarb, Mg, and phosphate
How are the ECF levels of electrolytes measured? - Answer Clinically (by lab results).
What factors influence the amount of body water? - Answer -Age
-Gender
-Ratio of lean body mass to body fat
,What is the total body water like in infants? - Answer Higher surface area and metabolic rate;
TBW is higher (80%)
What is the total body water like in males? - Answer -More lean mass, less fat;
-TBW = 60-65%
What is the total body water like in females? - Answer -Less lean mass, more fat
-TBW = 50%
What is included in the intake of fluid? - Answer -Oral
-Water in food
-IVs
What is included in the output of fluid? - Answer -Urine: average uo is 60 ml/hour (<30 ml/hr
may be considered renal compromise)
-Stool
-Drains
-Insensible losses
^skin
^lungs
What is the best way to measure fluid status? - Answer Daily weights
What are the conditions that affect total body water and I&O? - Answer -Fever - 10% increase
in water loss with each increase in degree Celsius!
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-Diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia
-Diabetes insipidus (deficit of ADH)
-Surgical drains
-Mechanical ventilation and tachypnea
-Burns
,How does diabetes mellitus affect TBW and I & O? - Answer Polydipsia, polyuria - fluid loss
through kidneys
What are electrolytes? - Answer Substances that dissociate in solution to form charged
particles (ions)
What are cations? - Answer Positive charge: Na, K, Ca, Mg, H
What are anions? - Answer Negative charge: Cl, P04, HCO3
What are the key functions of electrolytes? - Answer -Regulate water balance (Na)
-transmit nerve impulses & muscle contraction (Na, K, Ca)
-Acid-Base balance (H, HCO3, K)
-Energy generation (PO4)
-Blood clotting (Ca)
What separates fluid compartments? - Answer Semi-permeable membranes (pores)
What materials are allowed to pass through freely? - Answer -Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Water
What compounds are restricted to move through? - Answer -Proteins
-Large sugars
What is the natural body tendency like of fluid and solute movement? - Answer Keep solutions
on both sides of membrane in balance (isotonic)
What is diffusion? - Answer Movement of solutes/solids from area of higher concentration to
lower concentration
What is osmosis? - Answer Movement of water from area of more water (fewer solutes) to
less water (more solutes)
, What does the body do if one side of the membrane has a higher solute concentration than the
other side in diffusion? - Answer The body again seeks to restore balance through
redistribution of electrolytes.
When will electrolytes move from hypertonic to hypotonic side? - Answer Until isotonic
relationship is reestablished
How does the movement direction of diffusion compare to osmosis? - Answer Opposite
What happens if one side of the membrane has a higher solute than the other side in osmosis? -
Answer A pressure gradient occurs (pulling force) called osmotic pressure.
How does water move in osmosis until equal? - Answer From the side of lower solute
concentration (hypotonic) to the side of higher solute concentration (hypertonic)
What is osmotic pressure? - Answer Pressure needed to oppose movement of water across
membrane.
What is the speed of active transport like related to diffusion? - Answer Faster than diffusion
What does active transport require? - Answer Energy expenditure
What is osmolality? - Answer Osmolar concentration in 1kg of water
What determines osmolality? - Answer Sodium
What is tonicity? - Answer Tension or effect that osmotic pressure of solution with
impermeable solutes exerts on cell size because of H2O movement across the cell membrane
What is isotonic? - Answer -Same osmolality as body fluids (osmo= ~290 mOsm/L)
-No net movement of fluid in or out of cells
What is hypotonic? - Answer -Less concentrated
Answered Correct Rated A+ 2025-2026
Edition.
What are the functions of water? - Answer -transport nutrients
-remove wastes
-regulate body temperature
What % is the adult body weight water? - Answer 50-60%
What are the two compartments of fluid in the body? - Answer -ICF: intracellular fluid = 70%
total body H2O
-ECF: extracellular fluid = 30% total body H2O
What fluids are included in the ECF? - Answer -Plasma = 1/4 of the ECF
-Interstitial fluid = 3/4 of the ECF
-Also lymph, bone and connective tissue fluid, special spaces (synovial, CSF, peritoneal, pleural
fluids)
What separates the 3 fluids from eachother? - Answer Cell and capillary membranes
What does the ECF contain? - Answer Large amounts of Na and CL and small amounts of K,
Mg, Ca, and phosphate
What does the ICF contain? - Answer Large amounts of K and small amounts of Ca, Na, Cl,
bicarb, Mg, and phosphate
How are the ECF levels of electrolytes measured? - Answer Clinically (by lab results).
What factors influence the amount of body water? - Answer -Age
-Gender
-Ratio of lean body mass to body fat
,What is the total body water like in infants? - Answer Higher surface area and metabolic rate;
TBW is higher (80%)
What is the total body water like in males? - Answer -More lean mass, less fat;
-TBW = 60-65%
What is the total body water like in females? - Answer -Less lean mass, more fat
-TBW = 50%
What is included in the intake of fluid? - Answer -Oral
-Water in food
-IVs
What is included in the output of fluid? - Answer -Urine: average uo is 60 ml/hour (<30 ml/hr
may be considered renal compromise)
-Stool
-Drains
-Insensible losses
^skin
^lungs
What is the best way to measure fluid status? - Answer Daily weights
What are the conditions that affect total body water and I&O? - Answer -Fever - 10% increase
in water loss with each increase in degree Celsius!
-Vomiting
-Diarrhea
-Diabetes mellitus with hyperglycemia
-Diabetes insipidus (deficit of ADH)
-Surgical drains
-Mechanical ventilation and tachypnea
-Burns
,How does diabetes mellitus affect TBW and I & O? - Answer Polydipsia, polyuria - fluid loss
through kidneys
What are electrolytes? - Answer Substances that dissociate in solution to form charged
particles (ions)
What are cations? - Answer Positive charge: Na, K, Ca, Mg, H
What are anions? - Answer Negative charge: Cl, P04, HCO3
What are the key functions of electrolytes? - Answer -Regulate water balance (Na)
-transmit nerve impulses & muscle contraction (Na, K, Ca)
-Acid-Base balance (H, HCO3, K)
-Energy generation (PO4)
-Blood clotting (Ca)
What separates fluid compartments? - Answer Semi-permeable membranes (pores)
What materials are allowed to pass through freely? - Answer -Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Water
What compounds are restricted to move through? - Answer -Proteins
-Large sugars
What is the natural body tendency like of fluid and solute movement? - Answer Keep solutions
on both sides of membrane in balance (isotonic)
What is diffusion? - Answer Movement of solutes/solids from area of higher concentration to
lower concentration
What is osmosis? - Answer Movement of water from area of more water (fewer solutes) to
less water (more solutes)
, What does the body do if one side of the membrane has a higher solute concentration than the
other side in diffusion? - Answer The body again seeks to restore balance through
redistribution of electrolytes.
When will electrolytes move from hypertonic to hypotonic side? - Answer Until isotonic
relationship is reestablished
How does the movement direction of diffusion compare to osmosis? - Answer Opposite
What happens if one side of the membrane has a higher solute than the other side in osmosis? -
Answer A pressure gradient occurs (pulling force) called osmotic pressure.
How does water move in osmosis until equal? - Answer From the side of lower solute
concentration (hypotonic) to the side of higher solute concentration (hypertonic)
What is osmotic pressure? - Answer Pressure needed to oppose movement of water across
membrane.
What is the speed of active transport like related to diffusion? - Answer Faster than diffusion
What does active transport require? - Answer Energy expenditure
What is osmolality? - Answer Osmolar concentration in 1kg of water
What determines osmolality? - Answer Sodium
What is tonicity? - Answer Tension or effect that osmotic pressure of solution with
impermeable solutes exerts on cell size because of H2O movement across the cell membrane
What is isotonic? - Answer -Same osmolality as body fluids (osmo= ~290 mOsm/L)
-No net movement of fluid in or out of cells
What is hypotonic? - Answer -Less concentrated
