Mariene Wetenschappen 3
Week 1 Modern Ocean Change: A Systems Approach Here
Modern Pertubation of the carbon cycle
1 Gt of CO2= 1/3.66 Gt of C
Carbon sources:
• Fossil fuels and industry: 88%
• Deforestation: 12%
Carbon sinks:
• Atmosphere: 47%
• Forests (land): 30%
• Oceans: 23%
Carbon in the Ocean
Pre-industrial pCO2~ 280 ppmv
2020 pCO2~ 413 ppmv
~ 1/3 of anthroprogenic C in ocean)
(ppmv=ppm by volume)
Carbonation: increase in DIC by CO2 dissolving in the ocean en dan krijg je
deze reactie
Acidification: increase of hyrodrogen ions
Increase in carbonation, results in increase of acidification
,Slide 30: largest uncertainty how much CO2 we are going to emit, graph a
gedeelte tussen rood en blauw is de uncertainity
Slide 32: surface veel primaire productie
Onder bepaalde zone, alleen respiratie nog dus
CO2 accumuleert
Slide 33:
Solubility pump: changes in solubility due to temperature decrease with
increasing depth; responsible for 1/3 of the gradient
Biological pump: responsible for 2/3 of the gradient
• Organic carbon pump: fixation of CO2 by photosynthesis, net flux of
CO2 from atmosphere to ocean
• Carbonate counter pump: calcification takes place which produces CO2
resulting in export of CO2 from ocean to atmosphere
→ transport of CO2 between atmosphere and ocean surface layer happens
through Henry’s law
Henry’s law: a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is
proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid, meaning that a higher
concentration in one medium results in transport of the gas to the other medium
,The Marine Organic Matter Cycle
GPP: gross primary production, total rate of carbon fixation/oxygen release by
phytoplankton
NPP: Net primary production, as GPP is partly used for respiration (Ra) by
phytoplankton
Ra: respiration of phytoplankton
Rh: consumption of organic matter by heterotrophs for growth and respiration
NEP: the remaining organic matter which is available for export
-NPP most relevant for euphotic zone food web functioning
-NEP most relevant for biological pump and benthic food webs
Slide 38: ezelsbrug: stel de getallen voor als geld (getallen van linker afbl 50 t
0.2)
, E-ratio= Export Production / Net Primary
Production
• Temperature determines the degree to
which NPP organic matter is exported,
• Magnitude of NPP is also important;
higher NPP → higher e-ratio
→ Higher temperature results in lower E-
ratio meaning less biomass reaches the sea
floor so less food availability for benthic
life
Biological response to pH
Processes:
• Calcification: needs carbonate (CO3 2-)
• Primary production: needs CO2 or HCO3-
• Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification
• And more…
Ocean acidification, Biology and Earth System
• OA stimulates primary production and export → CO2 sink
• OA limits calcite production → less CO2 production
→ results in ocean being a stronger CO2 sink and becomes more acid
Ocean CO2 uptake in future
• Oceans take up about 25-30% now
• Increase because of CO2 stimulated growth of phytoplankton and/or less
calcification (biology)
• Decrease because of decline in buffer capacity (chemistry)
• Decrease because of warming and stratification (phyics)
→ long-term fate of anthropogenic carbon depends on physics, chemistry
and biology
Slide 58: despite many uncertainties a long-term drop of nutrients in the open
ocean and NPP is expected
Part 2
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Slide 71: clouds cause uncertainties
Week 1 Modern Ocean Change: A Systems Approach Here
Modern Pertubation of the carbon cycle
1 Gt of CO2= 1/3.66 Gt of C
Carbon sources:
• Fossil fuels and industry: 88%
• Deforestation: 12%
Carbon sinks:
• Atmosphere: 47%
• Forests (land): 30%
• Oceans: 23%
Carbon in the Ocean
Pre-industrial pCO2~ 280 ppmv
2020 pCO2~ 413 ppmv
~ 1/3 of anthroprogenic C in ocean)
(ppmv=ppm by volume)
Carbonation: increase in DIC by CO2 dissolving in the ocean en dan krijg je
deze reactie
Acidification: increase of hyrodrogen ions
Increase in carbonation, results in increase of acidification
,Slide 30: largest uncertainty how much CO2 we are going to emit, graph a
gedeelte tussen rood en blauw is de uncertainity
Slide 32: surface veel primaire productie
Onder bepaalde zone, alleen respiratie nog dus
CO2 accumuleert
Slide 33:
Solubility pump: changes in solubility due to temperature decrease with
increasing depth; responsible for 1/3 of the gradient
Biological pump: responsible for 2/3 of the gradient
• Organic carbon pump: fixation of CO2 by photosynthesis, net flux of
CO2 from atmosphere to ocean
• Carbonate counter pump: calcification takes place which produces CO2
resulting in export of CO2 from ocean to atmosphere
→ transport of CO2 between atmosphere and ocean surface layer happens
through Henry’s law
Henry’s law: a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is
proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid, meaning that a higher
concentration in one medium results in transport of the gas to the other medium
,The Marine Organic Matter Cycle
GPP: gross primary production, total rate of carbon fixation/oxygen release by
phytoplankton
NPP: Net primary production, as GPP is partly used for respiration (Ra) by
phytoplankton
Ra: respiration of phytoplankton
Rh: consumption of organic matter by heterotrophs for growth and respiration
NEP: the remaining organic matter which is available for export
-NPP most relevant for euphotic zone food web functioning
-NEP most relevant for biological pump and benthic food webs
Slide 38: ezelsbrug: stel de getallen voor als geld (getallen van linker afbl 50 t
0.2)
, E-ratio= Export Production / Net Primary
Production
• Temperature determines the degree to
which NPP organic matter is exported,
• Magnitude of NPP is also important;
higher NPP → higher e-ratio
→ Higher temperature results in lower E-
ratio meaning less biomass reaches the sea
floor so less food availability for benthic
life
Biological response to pH
Processes:
• Calcification: needs carbonate (CO3 2-)
• Primary production: needs CO2 or HCO3-
• Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification
• And more…
Ocean acidification, Biology and Earth System
• OA stimulates primary production and export → CO2 sink
• OA limits calcite production → less CO2 production
→ results in ocean being a stronger CO2 sink and becomes more acid
Ocean CO2 uptake in future
• Oceans take up about 25-30% now
• Increase because of CO2 stimulated growth of phytoplankton and/or less
calcification (biology)
• Decrease because of decline in buffer capacity (chemistry)
• Decrease because of warming and stratification (phyics)
→ long-term fate of anthropogenic carbon depends on physics, chemistry
and biology
Slide 58: despite many uncertainties a long-term drop of nutrients in the open
ocean and NPP is expected
Part 2
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Slide 71: clouds cause uncertainties
