Infant and Child Devel Obesity - causes and interventions - correct answers Causes: Lack of knowledge about healthy diet, buying high fat food, low-cost foods, location that lacks access to healthy foods, family stress, malnourishment in early years of li

Obesity - causes and interventions - correct answers Causes: Lack of knowledge about healthy diet, buying high fat food, low-cost foods, location that lacks access to healthy foods, family stress, malnourishment in early years of life, parental feeding practices ,insufficient sleep, and lack of physical activity. Heredity just causes a tendency to be obese. Children that were undernourished in early years are more likely to be overweight. Interventions: Can be helped by exercise, meal control, and sometimes weight loss surgery. Most effective treatments are family based and focus on changing behavior. Common chronic illnesses - correct answers Asthma (most common), diabetes, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, developmental disabilities, and cancer. ADHD - correct answers-Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder- which involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems. - More boys are diagnosed than girls. - Must have persistent symptoms before the age of 7 to be diagnosed. - Runs in the family and is highly heritable. - Can also be linked to environmental factors. - Normally treatment is administered through stimulant medication. Piagets concrete operational stage - correct answers- Extends from 7 to 11 years of age. - Thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood. - Develop the idea of reversibility and overcome egocentric characteristics. Gardner Theory of Multiple Intelligences- what is it and what are the different types - correct answers- The theory that each individual is equipped with a different set of subjects that they are intelligent in. Has no scientific backing - Defines intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. - Linguistic: Sounds, rhythm, and words - Logico-mathmematical: Numbers and logic -Musical: Pitch, rhythm, aesthetics of music - Spatial:Spatial natural world, recreate visual aspects - Bodily- kinesthetic: Uses body as expression and can handle objects skillfully -Naturalist: Animals, minerals, and plants - Interpersonal: Moods, temperaments, and motivations of others - Intrapersonal: Inner feelings and guides own behavior; knows strengths and weaknesses. Self esteem - correct answers- Judgments we make about our own worth and feelings associated by those judgments. - Preschoolers often rate their ability as very high and underestimate the tasks difficulty, however, this helps them to develop many new skills. - Becomes hierarchically structured in middle childhood, and lowers to a more realistic level. - Self esteem can be influenced by relationships, activities, and culture. - Boys tend to have higher self esteem than girls. Mastery motivation - correct answers- Attribution of successes to ability. - Belief that ability can be improved through effort. A characteristic they can improve by trying hard and can count on when faced with new challenges. - Attribute failure to factors that can be changed and controlled. - Whether they succeed or fail, they take an industrious, persistent approach to learning. - Focus on learning goals and how to best increase ability. - Influenced by parents, teachers, and culture. Learned helplessness - correct answers- Attribution of failure to ability and success to luck. - Belief that ability can not be changed by trying hard. - When a task is difficult, they experience an anxious loss of control ( pervasive sense of inferiority), and give up without really even trying. - Focus on performance goals, seeking positive affirmation and avoiding negative. - Do not develop metacognitive and self-regulatory skills necessary for high achievement. - Often have parents that do not think they are very capable. - When attribution retraining is used they can learn to overcome failure by exerting more effort. - Influenced by parents, teachers, and culture. Peer acceptance- rejected, popular, controversial - correct answers- The extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age mates, as a worthy social partner. - Research on social preferences, kids were asked whom they liked most and liked least. - Popular children: Are well-liked. popular- antisocial (athletically skilled but poor students, enhance status by excluding and and being rude to other children) and popular- prosocial( combine academic and social competence) - Rejected children: are disliked. Rejected- aggressive (high conflict, physical and hyperactive behavior) and rejected- withdrawn( passive and socially awkward) - Controversial children: are both liked and disliked Erikson- industry vs inferiority - correct answers- Psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. -Industry: developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks -Inferiority: pessimism and lack of confidence in one's ability to do things well Ecological Systems Theory - correct answersChild develops within a complex system of relationships affected by the surrounding environment - Microsystem: activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings. - Mesosystem: connections between Microsystems such as home, school, neighborhood, and daycare. - Exosystem: Social settings that do not contain children but that affect their experiences in immediate setting. (parents work, church, doctors office) - Macrosystem: Cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. - Chronosystem: The time dimension of the model. Life changes are imposed on the child, can arise from the child as they get older they modify their choices and settings. Correlation vs Causation in research findings - correct answers- Correlation: Researchers gather information and make no effort to alter participants experiences. There are 2 variables used to describe or predict information. Often 2 things happen at the same time and are associated with each other as correlating. - Causation: An observed event or action appears to have caused a second event or action. Often referred to as cause and effect. 2 things happen at separate times, with one causing the other. Requires a specific type of experiment to confirm causation. Nature vs Nurture - correct answers- Nature: Is inborn, biological, and based on inheritance - Nurture: The physical and social world and influences biological and psychological development. Experience dependent vs Experience expectant brain growth - correct answers- Experience expectant: Depends on ordinary experiences by the brain for normal growth. Occurs naturally and early. Opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and sounds, and to explore the environment.( ex. language, vision, interaction) - Experience- dependent brain growth: Consists of additional growth and the refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences and varies across individuals and cultures.Last throughout a lifetime. ( ex. reading and academics) SIDS prevention - correct answers-Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - Quit smoking and taking drugs/alcohol - Put babies to sleep on their backs - Remove soft bedding - Pacifier use Breast feeding recommendations - correct answersAAP and USDHHS: Breastfeed for at least 1 year. WHO: Breastfeed for at least 2 years. Piagets- stages of cognitive development- sensorimotor in infancy; preoperational in early childhood - correct answers- Sensorimotor (0-2): Infants think by action on the world. They invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems. Largely physical actions that are designed to generate and construct knowledge. - Preoperational (2-7): Use symbols to develop language and make-believe play. Lacks the logic of later stages. Children develop representation of the world that allows them to describe people, events, and feelings. Eriksons Stages - correct answers- Basic trust vs mistrust ( 1st year): trusting baby explores the world while mistrusting or neglected baby withdraws. - Autonomy vs shame and doubt ( Toddlerhood): caused by parents that either are encouraging and warm creating independence or are critical and cold. - Initiative vs guilt (Preschool): new sense of purposefulness and creates self understanding through play vs parents demanding too much self control of the child. - Industry vs inferiority (grade school) : cooperating with others and having skill vs feelings of incompetence - Intimacy vs isolation (young adults): establishing intimate relationships vs not forming bonds because of past relationships - Generatively vs stagnation(parent age): giving to children through parenting vs not achieving adulthood goals and does not feel accomplished - Integrity vs despair(old age): feeling that life was worth living vs being dissatisfied with life before death. Attachment theory - correct answersThe infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival. Freud linked attachment to future relationships. Types of attachment - correct answers- Secure: Baby uses parent as secure base, expresses clear pleasure when parent returns. - Insecure- avoidant: Baby seems unresponsive to parent, slow to greet parent on reunion. -Insecure- resistant: Baby seeks closeness to parent, is distressed or angry when parent returns. - Disorganized attachment: Reflects greatest insecurity; baby shows confused, contradictory behaviors. Strange situation - correct answers- Asses quality of the attachment relationship. - Examines how an infant reacts to the stress