TEST BANK p3
Genetics Essentials: Concepts and Connections 5th Edition by
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Benjamin A. Pierce
p3 p3
www.PlusBay.Plus
,TABLE OF CONTENTp3 p3
Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics ...................................................................................................................... 3
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Chapter 02: Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction ......................................................................................... 15
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Chapter 03: Basic Principles of Heredity .............................................................................................................. 32
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Chapter 04: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles ............................................................................ 59
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Chapter 05: Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping ................................................................ 98
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Chapter 06: Chromosome Variation .................................................................................................................... 115
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Chapter 07: Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems ............................................................................................... 139
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Chapter 08 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene ......................................................................................... 152
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Chapter 09: DNA Replication and Recombination ............................................................................................. 181
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Chapter 10: From DNA to Proteins: Transcription and RNA Processing.......................................................... 198
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Chapter 11: From DNA to Proteins: Translation ................................................................................................ 224
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Chapter 12: Control of Gene Expression ............................................................................................................ 244
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Chapter 13: Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and DNA Repair .......................................................... 278
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Chapter 14: Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology ............................................................................. 298
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Chapter 15: Genomics and Proteomics ............................................................................................................... 314
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Chapter 16: Cancer Genetics ............................................................................................................................... 332
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Chapter 17: Quantitative Genetics ....................................................................................................................... 346
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Chapter 18: Population and Evolutionary Genetics ............................................................................................ 366
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,Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics
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1. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people.
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However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Explain in terms of natural selection why albinism is so rare in most human populations.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: In most populations, there is fairly strong selection against albinism because albinos don‘t produce
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
melanin, causing their skin cells not to be protected from the damaging effects of sunlight. Also,
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
the lack of melanin in their eyes causes them to have poor eyesight. Finally, in most cultures
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
albinos are seen as abnormal, and they are not normally sought out for marriage and mating.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Therefore, in most populations the alleles that cause albinism are selected against, and they
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
decrease in frequency or are kept at a low level, causing the recessive trait to be rare.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
2. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Explain in terms of natural selection why the trait is so much more common among the Hopis of Black
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Mesa.
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ANSWER: Albinos occupy a privileged position among the Hopis of Black Mesa. In this culture, albinos
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
are viewed as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they often occupy positions of
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
leadership. Albinos are celebrated in the villages as a sign of purity of Hopi blood in the
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
community. p3
Furthermore, albinos are often excused from normal male field labor because of their sensitivity to p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
sunlight, causing them to be left behind in the village with the women during the daytime. This
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
allows them extra mating opportunities compared to the other men of the village. Therefore, the
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
alleles that cause albinism are either selected for in this culture or at least not selected against as
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
strongly as in other cultures, allowing the trait to occur at a much higher frequency.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
3. Which one of the following pairings between the subdiscipline of genetics and the phenomenon
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
is INCORRECT?
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a. evolution—population genetics p3
b. gene regulation—molecular genetics
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c. allelic frequency alteration—population genetics
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d. arrangement of genes on chromosome—transmission genetics p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
e. chemical nature of the gene—transmission geneticsp3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: e p3
4. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics?
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles p3 p3 p3 p3
b. mechanism of DNA replication p3 p3 p3
c. gene expression patternsp3 p3
d. evolution
e. chemical modification of nucleic acids p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: a p3
5. The complete genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
c. locus.
, d. genome.
e. phenotype.
ANSWER: d p3
6. Identify a TRUE statement from the following descriptions concerning genetics.
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a. The theory of pangenesis states that all living organisms are composed of cells.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
b. Bacteria and viruses are not useful in studying genes and inheritance because they are
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structurally and metabolically different from eukaryotic cells.
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c. Charles Darwin accurately described the laws of inheritance in his landmark book, On the Origin
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
of Species.
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d. Many human traits, such as skin and hair color, are determined by more than a single gene.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
e. Evolution can occur without genetic changes in the population.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: d p3
7. Identify a FALSE statement from the following descriptions of genetics.
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a. Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
approximately 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.
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b. Some viruses use RNA to carry their genetic information.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
c. Albinism results from a mutation in the genes that control the synthesis and storage of melanin.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
d. All human traits that display blending inheritance are affected by a single gene.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
e. The process by which genetic information is copied and decoded is similar for all forms of life.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: d p3
8. Which of the following species is considered a model genetic organism?
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. the plant Linaria vulgaris
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b. the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
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c. the worm Caenorhabditis elegans
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d. the frog Hyla chrysoscelis
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e. the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
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ANSWER: c
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9. Which of the following would serve the LEAST well as a model for understanding basic mechanisms
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
of inheritance?
p3 p3
a. fruit flies p3
b. humans
c. yeast
d. mice
e. zebrafish
ANSWER: b p3
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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a. Each subdiscipline of genetics is very specific as to what is explored and does not overlap with the
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Genetics Essentials: Concepts and Connections 5th Edition by
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Benjamin A. Pierce
p3 p3
www.PlusBay.Plus
,TABLE OF CONTENTp3 p3
Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics ...................................................................................................................... 3
p3 p3 p3 p3
Chapter 02: Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction ......................................................................................... 15
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Chapter 03: Basic Principles of Heredity .............................................................................................................. 32
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Chapter 04: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles ............................................................................ 59
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Chapter 05: Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping ................................................................ 98
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Chapter 06: Chromosome Variation .................................................................................................................... 115
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Chapter 07: Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems ............................................................................................... 139
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Chapter 08 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene ......................................................................................... 152
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Chapter 09: DNA Replication and Recombination ............................................................................................. 181
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Chapter 10: From DNA to Proteins: Transcription and RNA Processing.......................................................... 198
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Chapter 11: From DNA to Proteins: Translation ................................................................................................ 224
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Chapter 12: Control of Gene Expression ............................................................................................................ 244
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Chapter 13: Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and DNA Repair .......................................................... 278
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Chapter 14: Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology ............................................................................. 298
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Chapter 15: Genomics and Proteomics ............................................................................................................... 314
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Chapter 16: Cancer Genetics ............................................................................................................................... 332
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Chapter 17: Quantitative Genetics ....................................................................................................................... 346
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Chapter 18: Population and Evolutionary Genetics ............................................................................................ 366
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,Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics
p3 p3 p3 p3
1. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Explain in terms of natural selection why albinism is so rare in most human populations.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: In most populations, there is fairly strong selection against albinism because albinos don‘t produce
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
melanin, causing their skin cells not to be protected from the damaging effects of sunlight. Also,
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
the lack of melanin in their eyes causes them to have poor eyesight. Finally, in most cultures
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
albinos are seen as abnormal, and they are not normally sought out for marriage and mating.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Therefore, in most populations the alleles that cause albinism are selected against, and they
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
decrease in frequency or are kept at a low level, causing the recessive trait to be rare.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
2. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Explain in terms of natural selection why the trait is so much more common among the Hopis of Black
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
Mesa.
p3
ANSWER: Albinos occupy a privileged position among the Hopis of Black Mesa. In this culture, albinos
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
are viewed as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they often occupy positions of
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
leadership. Albinos are celebrated in the villages as a sign of purity of Hopi blood in the
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
community. p3
Furthermore, albinos are often excused from normal male field labor because of their sensitivity to p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
sunlight, causing them to be left behind in the village with the women during the daytime. This
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
allows them extra mating opportunities compared to the other men of the village. Therefore, the
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
alleles that cause albinism are either selected for in this culture or at least not selected against as
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
strongly as in other cultures, allowing the trait to occur at a much higher frequency.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
3. Which one of the following pairings between the subdiscipline of genetics and the phenomenon
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
is INCORRECT?
p3 p3
a. evolution—population genetics p3
b. gene regulation—molecular genetics
p3 p3
c. allelic frequency alteration—population genetics
p3 p3 p3
d. arrangement of genes on chromosome—transmission genetics p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
e. chemical nature of the gene—transmission geneticsp3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: e p3
4. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics?
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles p3 p3 p3 p3
b. mechanism of DNA replication p3 p3 p3
c. gene expression patternsp3 p3
d. evolution
e. chemical modification of nucleic acids p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: a p3
5. The complete genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
c. locus.
, d. genome.
e. phenotype.
ANSWER: d p3
6. Identify a TRUE statement from the following descriptions concerning genetics.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. The theory of pangenesis states that all living organisms are composed of cells.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
b. Bacteria and viruses are not useful in studying genes and inheritance because they are
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
structurally and metabolically different from eukaryotic cells.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
c. Charles Darwin accurately described the laws of inheritance in his landmark book, On the Origin
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
of Species.
p3 p3
d. Many human traits, such as skin and hair color, are determined by more than a single gene.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
e. Evolution can occur without genetic changes in the population.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: d p3
7. Identify a FALSE statement from the following descriptions of genetics.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
approximately 10,000 and 12,000 years ago.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
b. Some viruses use RNA to carry their genetic information.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
c. Albinism results from a mutation in the genes that control the synthesis and storage of melanin.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
d. All human traits that display blending inheritance are affected by a single gene.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
e. The process by which genetic information is copied and decoded is similar for all forms of life.
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: d p3
8. Which of the following species is considered a model genetic organism?
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. the plant Linaria vulgaris
p3 p3 p3
b. the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
p3 p3 p3 p3
c. the worm Caenorhabditis elegans
p3 p3 p3
d. the frog Hyla chrysoscelis
p3 p3 p3
e. the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
p3 p3 p3
ANSWER: c
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9. Which of the following would serve the LEAST well as a model for understanding basic mechanisms
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
of inheritance?
p3 p3
a. fruit flies p3
b. humans
c. yeast
d. mice
e. zebrafish
ANSWER: b p3
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
a. Each subdiscipline of genetics is very specific as to what is explored and does not overlap with the
p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3 p3
