micro 290 lecture midterm\\ MICR 290
Lecture Midterm 2025 – Study Guide & Key
Concepts
structure of eukaryotes & comparison
- membrane-bound nuclei
- mitochondrion
- fungi, protozoa, algae and plants, small multicellular animals
structure of prokaryotes (bacteria) & comparison
- unicellular, lack nuclei
- much smaller than eukaryotes
- found in places of moisture
- reproduce asexually (binary fission)
- consist of bacteria & archaea
gram positive cell wall
contains a THICK layer of peptidoglycan
gram negative cell wall
contains a THIN layer of peptidoglycan
site of electron transport chain in bacteria
Electron transfers take place in the plasma membrane of bacteria and archaea
site of electron transport chain in eukaryotes
electron transport takes place in mitochondrion
site of electron transport chain in prokaryotes
electron transport takes place in the plasma/cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and archaea
concept of slime layer in bacteria
concept of formation of biofilms
aerobic respiration
the process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen
, anaerobic respiration
transfers energy from glucose to cells
fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving
effervescence and the giving off of heat
catabolic reaction
Catabolic (exergonic): Glycolysis (cut to 2C3 & ATP comes out)
anabolic reaction
Anabolic (endergonic): DNA/protein synthesis
endergonic reaction
general structure of DNA
A-T; C-G; DOUBLE STRANDED
general structure of RNA
A-U; C-G; SINGLE STRANDED
DNA replication
DNA duplication
DNA transcription
DNA copied to mRNA
DNA translation
mRNA is transformed/translated to a protein
cidal antibiotics
"killer" actively killing
static antibiotics
"stopper" inhibiting destruction
function of restriction endonuclease in genetic engineering
biological sensors (isolates & cuts gene at section that is shown interest)
function of ligases in genetic engineering
glues the cut piece of the human gene
steps of the gram stain
Lecture Midterm 2025 – Study Guide & Key
Concepts
structure of eukaryotes & comparison
- membrane-bound nuclei
- mitochondrion
- fungi, protozoa, algae and plants, small multicellular animals
structure of prokaryotes (bacteria) & comparison
- unicellular, lack nuclei
- much smaller than eukaryotes
- found in places of moisture
- reproduce asexually (binary fission)
- consist of bacteria & archaea
gram positive cell wall
contains a THICK layer of peptidoglycan
gram negative cell wall
contains a THIN layer of peptidoglycan
site of electron transport chain in bacteria
Electron transfers take place in the plasma membrane of bacteria and archaea
site of electron transport chain in eukaryotes
electron transport takes place in mitochondrion
site of electron transport chain in prokaryotes
electron transport takes place in the plasma/cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and archaea
concept of slime layer in bacteria
concept of formation of biofilms
aerobic respiration
the process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen
, anaerobic respiration
transfers energy from glucose to cells
fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving
effervescence and the giving off of heat
catabolic reaction
Catabolic (exergonic): Glycolysis (cut to 2C3 & ATP comes out)
anabolic reaction
Anabolic (endergonic): DNA/protein synthesis
endergonic reaction
general structure of DNA
A-T; C-G; DOUBLE STRANDED
general structure of RNA
A-U; C-G; SINGLE STRANDED
DNA replication
DNA duplication
DNA transcription
DNA copied to mRNA
DNA translation
mRNA is transformed/translated to a protein
cidal antibiotics
"killer" actively killing
static antibiotics
"stopper" inhibiting destruction
function of restriction endonuclease in genetic engineering
biological sensors (isolates & cuts gene at section that is shown interest)
function of ligases in genetic engineering
glues the cut piece of the human gene
steps of the gram stain
