NURS 6111 LATEST UPLOADED EXAM 1 2025

NURS 6111 LATEST UPLOADED EXAM 1 2025 Na normal lab value - -135-145 K normal lab value - -3.5-5.0 Mg normal lab value - -1.3-2.1 mEq/L Calcium normal lab value - -8.5-10.5 mg/dL Abnormal signs and symptoms of K - -excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg - -muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal heart rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by - -converting a strong acid or base to a weak one Types of hypersensitivity reactions - -Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated reactions(allergic reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC thinking they are foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue damage , ex is rayanuds Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibodies, ex contact sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection Prematurity - -baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple pregnancies, uterine or cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice, feeding difficulties RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) - -babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of surfactant, characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis) - -babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and inflammation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk factors: low birth weight, formula feedings NUR 6111 NUR 6111 SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome) - -common between 1-4 months of age, most frequent death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys more often than girls Prader-Willi Syndrome - -Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of chromosomes. Usually inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually in the mild range. Students with Prader-Willi syndrome can be rigid and oppositional. They do not respond well to sudden changes in their routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and life-threatening obesity. DiGeorge Syndrome - -caused by missing piece of chromosome 22, affects the heart, immune system, parathyroid glands, can be inherited from parents, DGS triad: conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia. can cause cleft lip, hearing loss, learning difficulties Function of IgA antibody - -inhibit the passage of alien substances that attempt to enter the circulatory system. mucosal immunity Function of IgE antibody - -protect against parasitic invasions and supervise allergic reactions Function of IgG antibody - --Long-term immunity -protection of newborns during the first 6 months of life Function of IgM antibody - -Activated complement system (classical pathway) Agglutinate microorganism Why can select IgA deficiency lead to a blood transfusion reaction? - -can lead to the patient developing antibodies that fight against the IgA causing a transfusion reaction Plasma proteins - -albumin, fibrinogen, globulins. Proteins function to control oncotic pressure, transport substances (hemoglobin, lipids, calcium), and promote inflammation and the complement cascade. Action potential stages - - 1) resting potential = Na+ ions outside while K+ ions inside 2) depolarization = Na+ channels open & Na+ comes in; cell becomes more positive (meets threshold of -55 mV to fire) 3) repolarization = K+ channels open & K+ goes out; cell becomes more negative 4) undershoot = cell goes below resting potential; K+ channels are slow to close NUR 6111 NUR 6111 5) return to resting potential = both channels close; Na+ & K+ pumps restore concentration gradient ABG interpretation - -pH 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 35-45 HCO3 22-26 ROME- Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal active transport - -Energy-requiring(energy often supplied by ATP) process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference what electrolyte is required for muscle contraction - -calcium electrolytes in body fluids - -sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, magnesium who is at risk for fluid imbalances - -older adults and children what regulates fluid in the body - --kidneys -thirst -hormonal influences ELISA - -screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream; ELISA will test a patient's blood or oral fluids from cheeks and gums (saliva cannot be used) for ELISA. Viral load - -the amount of HIV that is present in the blood and is an indicator of how fast HIV is reproducing in the body. When the viral load is high, the HIV specific binding and neutralizing antibodies have not been formed, the risk of infection is the greatest CD4 - -the cell count that measures the health of the immune system. A high CD4 count is an indicator that the body can fight infections. Autosomal dominant disorders - -Huntington's Disease Achondroplasia Neurofibromatosis Autosomal recessive disorders - -Tay-Sachs, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria autosomal dominant - -autosomal dominant means that an offspring has inherited at least one affected gene from one of their parents and only needs one affected gene to express the trait Autosomal recessive - -require inheritance of two affected genes to express a trait NUR 6111 NUR 6111 Recessive X-linked trait - -normal copy on one X chromosome masks the recessive disease allele on the other X chromosome Dominant X-linked trait - -Equal frequency in males and females Affected males - ALL daughters get trait no sons get it Affected females - see trait in 50% daughters and 50% sons Dominant X-linked disorders - -Fragile X syndrome is an example. Most common genetic cause of cognitive deficits Effects are variable and related to the extent of mutation of the allele. recessive x-linked disorders - -color blindness, duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia Fragile X Syndrome - -a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation Turner Syndrome - -A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Short stature, do not go through puberty, can't get pregnant naturally Kleinfelter's Syndrome - -recessive x-linked Symptoms may include breast growth, infertility, osteoporosis and learning difficulties Huntington's disease - -A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms. Marfan Syndrome - -autosomal dominant; pleiotropic; tall, weak heart Cystic fibrosis - -autosomal recessive; a disorder that damages your lungs, digestive tract and other organs Causes of acid base abnormalities - --Excess alcohol use. -Having Diabetes. - Renal disease. -Liver disease. - Lung disease. -Seizures -Neuromuscular disorders -Severe obesity NUR 6111 NUR 6111 Primary immune deficiency - -In a person that develops an immune deficiency disease, they either do not have the right components to fight infections or their body destroys the parts required to fight infections. Effects of aging on the immune system - -Decreased T cells due to decreased thymus gland size, decreased production of specific antibodies and memory B cells, increased circulating antigen-antibody complexes Bruton's disease - -a genetic defect of the autosomal recessive pattern, immunodeficiency disorder, the body cannot protect itself from infections Karyotypes - -images of an individuals 46 chromosomes lined up in homologous pairs Phenotype - -An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Transcription - -(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA Replication - -process of copying DNA prior to cell division Autoimmunity - -pertaining to one's immune system attacking its own tissues or cells SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) - --chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen of the skin, of joints and of internal organs -Inflammation of almost any body part, chronic, multisystem inflammatory disorder that occurs when the body produces antibodies against its own cells. (malar rash) Sjorgen's disease - --progressive autoimmune disorder that attacks moisture producing glands that that often impacts women after the age of 40, dry mouth Systemic sclerosis - -a diffuse connective tissue disease that may involve any system causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis RA (rheumatoid arthritis) - -Autoimmune disease causing inflammation of the synovial membrane and other parts of the joints. Graves disease - -an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos(bulging eyes) Cell Phases in Mitosis - -1. interphase(DNA replicates and cell prepares for divison), 2. prophase(centriolesseparate and move to poles), 3. metaphase(chromosomes line up and attach to spindle fiber) , 4. anaphase(spindles pull apart to create separate chromosomes), 5. telophase(chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope reforms) NUR 6111 NUR 6111 Causes of cellular injury - -1. Inflammation 2. Nutritional Deficiency or excess 3. Hypoxia 4. Trauma 5. Genetic Mutations 6. Infections AIDS complications - -Immune system severely compromised Great risk for opportunistic disease Possible malignancies, wasting, and dementia cell signals - --by direct contact -by release factors -by hormone signals -by the epigenome- Signal molecules direct the stages of cell division Effect of free radicals - -Damage tissues, body cells, DNA, oxidative stress Galactosemia - -Autosomal recessive. an inborn error of metabolism that makes infants unable to process galactose, resulting in a variety of physical problems in addition to intellectual disabilities; dietary intervention reduces potential for problems congenital defects - -Abnormalities of structure or function which are present at birth Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - -A group of inherited disorders that affect your connective tissues — primarily your skin, joints and blood vessel walls. People who have this syndrome usually have overly flexible joints and stretchy, fragile skin. This can become a problem if you have a wound that requires stitches, because the skin often isn't strong enough to hold them. PKU (phenylketonuria) - -autosomal recessive, a condition that makes it impossible for babies to metabolize certain proteins Tay-Sachs disease - -A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth. Apoptosis vs. Necrosis - -Apoptosis- active, orderly and organized; requires energy a plan and enzymatic degradation of proteins/dna; produces neatly packed cell fragments that are recycled Necrosis; passive and disorderly; produces cell debris NUR 6111 NUR 6111 Complement system - -A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. Role of neutrophils in inflammation - -main phagocytic leukocyte, cytotoxic lysosomes to destroy invaders short lived Role of macrophages in inflammation - -Known as sentinel cells i.e. guard cells of the tissue Look for insults and pick them out Monocytes leave the bloodstream and become macrophages Macrophages present antigens and partake in phagocytosis Activate the immune response as an APC T-cell functions (both types) - --CD4+ T cells help B cells make antibodies and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes. -CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells. Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity (type IV). Acute and chronic cellular organ rejection. Function of B cells - -make antibodies T-Cell mediated diseases - -Type 1 diabetes, MS, Rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, psoriasis, graves disease Diseases that have multifactorial factors/cause - -Heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, Alzheimers, autoimmune diseases, asthma, hypertension SIADH - -syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone;the excessive release of ADH leads to the retention of water by the kidneys, resulting in dilutional hyponatremia (low sodium levels in the blood) and decreased serum osmolality (a measure of the concentration of particles in the blood). Body fluid areas - - 1. Intracellular fluid-fluid found in the body's cells. 2. Extracellular fluid-fluid found outside the body's cells 3.Transcellular Fluid: This refers to fluids found in specialized compartments within the body, such as cerebrospinal fluid (around the brain and spinal cord), synovial fluid (in joints), pleural fluid (around the lungs), pericardial fluid (around the heart), and peritoneal fluid (in the abdominal cavity). Conditions causing edema - -Heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, pregnancy, medications, lymphedema, infection/inflammation, venous insufficiency, malnutrition, trauma What affects fluid movement - -electrolyte imbalance, controlled by kidneys NUR 6111 NUR 6111 Innate immunity - -Immunity that is present before exposu