PN1 Exam 3 Rasmussen
1. Hypovalemia Interventions: The first step you should take for a patient with hypovolemic shock is to
administer IV Fluids.
- shock is an emergency that requires rapid infusion of IV fluids.
- Monitoring orthostatic hypotension allows the nurse to detect early signs
2. Hypovolemia: loss of blood volume
Changes in blood pressure, which can result in orthostatic hypotension, and pulse are two initial changes seen
3. Hypophosphatemia: A serum phosphorus level less than 2.7 mg/dL.
• Osteomalacia
4. Hyperphosphatemia: a serum phosphorus level that exceeds 4.5 mg/dL
• Bone fractures in healing stage
• Bone tumors
• Acromegaly
5. Hypocalcemia: Hypocalcemia is a total serum calcium (Ca2+) level below 9.0 mg/dL or 2.25 mmol/L.
- Because the normal blood level of calcium is so low, any change in calcium levels has major effects on function.
6. Hypercalcemia: Total serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dL or 2.62 mmol/L.
,- Causes excitable tissues to be less sensitive to normal stimuli, thus requiring a stronger stimulus to function.
Pt will exhibit positive Trousseau's sign and positive Chvotsky's sign
7. Hyperkalemia: Serum potassium level higher than 5.0 mEq/L (mmol/L).
- Even small increases above normal values can affect excitable tissues, especially the heart.
8. Hypokalemia: Serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L (mmol/L).
- It can be life threatening because every body system is affected.
9. Hyponatremia: An electrolyte imbalance in which the serum sodium (Na+) level is below 136 mEq/L
10. Hypernatremia: - A serum sodium level over 145 mEq/L (mmol/L).
- It can be caused by or can cause changes in fluid volume.
11. Hypomagnesemia: A serum magnesium (Mg2+) level below 1.8 mEq/L or 0.74 mmol/L.
- It is most often caused by decreased absorption of dietary magnesium or increased kidney magnesium excretion.
- Two major causes are inadequate intake and the use of loop or thiazide diuretics.
12. Hypermagnesemia: A serum magnesium level above 2.6 mEq/L or 1.07 mmol/L.
- Magnesium is a membrane stabilizer. Most symptoms occur as a result of reduced membrane excitability. They usually
are not apparent until serum magnesium levels exceed 4 mEq/L
, 13. Hypocholoremia: Choride level of less than 95 meq/L Chloride (95-105 meq/l)
develops from vomiting and the loss of HCL
-Usually the result of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate concentration
14. Hypercholoremia: Chloride level of greater than 105 meq/L
15. Hypertonic IV fluids: Fluids with osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L are hyperosmotic, or hypertonic,
compared with isosmotic fluids.
These fluids have a greater osmotic pressure than do isosmotic fluids and tend to pull water from the isosmotic fluid
space into the hyperosmotic fluid space until an osmotic balance occurs.
- e.g 3% or 5% saline
16. Hypotonic IV Fluid: Fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L are hypo-osmotic, or hypotonic,
compared with isosmotic fluids.
- Hypo-osmolar fluids have a lower osmotic pressure than isosmotic fluids, and water is pulled from the hypo-osmotic
fluid space into the isosmotic fluid spaces of the interstitial and ICF fluids. As a result, the interstitial and ICF fluid volumes
would expand, and the plasma volume would shrink.
- An example of a hypotonic IV fluid is 0.45% saline.
17. Isotonic IV fluids: • Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
• Lactated Ringer (LR)
• IV fluids are used to replace or maintain fluid
1. Hypovalemia Interventions: The first step you should take for a patient with hypovolemic shock is to
administer IV Fluids.
- shock is an emergency that requires rapid infusion of IV fluids.
- Monitoring orthostatic hypotension allows the nurse to detect early signs
2. Hypovolemia: loss of blood volume
Changes in blood pressure, which can result in orthostatic hypotension, and pulse are two initial changes seen
3. Hypophosphatemia: A serum phosphorus level less than 2.7 mg/dL.
• Osteomalacia
4. Hyperphosphatemia: a serum phosphorus level that exceeds 4.5 mg/dL
• Bone fractures in healing stage
• Bone tumors
• Acromegaly
5. Hypocalcemia: Hypocalcemia is a total serum calcium (Ca2+) level below 9.0 mg/dL or 2.25 mmol/L.
- Because the normal blood level of calcium is so low, any change in calcium levels has major effects on function.
6. Hypercalcemia: Total serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dL or 2.62 mmol/L.
,- Causes excitable tissues to be less sensitive to normal stimuli, thus requiring a stronger stimulus to function.
Pt will exhibit positive Trousseau's sign and positive Chvotsky's sign
7. Hyperkalemia: Serum potassium level higher than 5.0 mEq/L (mmol/L).
- Even small increases above normal values can affect excitable tissues, especially the heart.
8. Hypokalemia: Serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L (mmol/L).
- It can be life threatening because every body system is affected.
9. Hyponatremia: An electrolyte imbalance in which the serum sodium (Na+) level is below 136 mEq/L
10. Hypernatremia: - A serum sodium level over 145 mEq/L (mmol/L).
- It can be caused by or can cause changes in fluid volume.
11. Hypomagnesemia: A serum magnesium (Mg2+) level below 1.8 mEq/L or 0.74 mmol/L.
- It is most often caused by decreased absorption of dietary magnesium or increased kidney magnesium excretion.
- Two major causes are inadequate intake and the use of loop or thiazide diuretics.
12. Hypermagnesemia: A serum magnesium level above 2.6 mEq/L or 1.07 mmol/L.
- Magnesium is a membrane stabilizer. Most symptoms occur as a result of reduced membrane excitability. They usually
are not apparent until serum magnesium levels exceed 4 mEq/L
, 13. Hypocholoremia: Choride level of less than 95 meq/L Chloride (95-105 meq/l)
develops from vomiting and the loss of HCL
-Usually the result of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate concentration
14. Hypercholoremia: Chloride level of greater than 105 meq/L
15. Hypertonic IV fluids: Fluids with osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L are hyperosmotic, or hypertonic,
compared with isosmotic fluids.
These fluids have a greater osmotic pressure than do isosmotic fluids and tend to pull water from the isosmotic fluid
space into the hyperosmotic fluid space until an osmotic balance occurs.
- e.g 3% or 5% saline
16. Hypotonic IV Fluid: Fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L are hypo-osmotic, or hypotonic,
compared with isosmotic fluids.
- Hypo-osmolar fluids have a lower osmotic pressure than isosmotic fluids, and water is pulled from the hypo-osmotic
fluid space into the isosmotic fluid spaces of the interstitial and ICF fluids. As a result, the interstitial and ICF fluid volumes
would expand, and the plasma volume would shrink.
- An example of a hypotonic IV fluid is 0.45% saline.
17. Isotonic IV fluids: • Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
• Lactated Ringer (LR)
• IV fluids are used to replace or maintain fluid
