APEA-Cardiovascular- Patho questions
and answers 2024\2025 A+ Grade
A common cause of diastolic heart failure is:
myocarditis
myocardial infarction
dilated cardiomyopathy
hypertension
- correct answer Hypertension
long-term hypertension is a common cause of diastolic heart failure.
Diastolic dysfunction occurs when the filling of one or both ventricles is impaired because the ventricle
has become less compliant.
The heart must pump more forcefully in order to push blood into circulation against increased vascular
resistance.
Which type of angina results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in atypical patterns?
Classic angina
Prinzmetal's angina
Unstable angina
Pleuritic chest pain
- correct answer Prinzmetal's angina
Results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in an atypical pattern. It is usually at a single site. It
can occur in a normal or disease vessel. Pain is usually resolved with angina medication.
Classic (stable angina) occurs when the heart is stressed, lasts less than 5 minutes, and usually resolves
with rest.
Unstable angina is considered a medical emergency because it lasts longer than 5 minutes, does not
follow the normal pain pattern, and may not resolve with rest or angina medication. It is often
associated or signals a MI.
,A patient who is in cardiogenic shock will present with:
a high cardiac index
decreased vascular resistance
increased ventricular ejection fraction
mixed venous oxygen saturation
- correct answer mixed venous oxygen saturation
Patients will have a low cardiac index, elevated filling pressures of the left, right, or both ventricles, and
a decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation.
With each heart beat, blood within the left and right ventricle is ejected into the:
left atrium only
aorta and pulmonary artery
anterior descending artery
right coronary artery
- correct answer aorta and pulmonary artery
The primary cause of cardiogenic shock in a patient with an acute MI is:
failure of the ventricle to pump blood adequately
failure of the aortic valve to pump blood adequately
regurgitation of the tricuspid valve
regurgitation of the mitral valve
- correct answer failure of the ventricle to pump adequately
Unstable angina is characterized by:
angina with prolonged activity
angina symptoms lasting >6 months.
increasing crescendo angina
, angina with elevated cardiac markers
- correct answer increased crescendo angina
unstable angina is characterized by prolonged angina at rest (usually >20 minutes at rest), and increasing
crescendo angina (now more frequent & longer duration)
Which one of the following produces visible evidence of an underlying problem with reverse venous
flow?
cellulitis
bruising
stasis dermatitis
varicose veins
- correct answer varicose veins
Which one of the following is NOT an assessment finding in a patient who is experiencing shock?
low urine output
end-organ hyperperfusion
poor mentation
hypotension
- correct answer end-organ hyperperfusion
A progressive disease of heart muscle that is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement and
contractile dysfunction is:
acute coronary syndrome
cardiac tamponade
dilated cardiomyopathy
thyrotoxicosis
- correct answer dilated cardiomyopathy
Patients with acute coronary syndrome may experience chest pain secondary to:
arterial vasodilation
and answers 2024\2025 A+ Grade
A common cause of diastolic heart failure is:
myocarditis
myocardial infarction
dilated cardiomyopathy
hypertension
- correct answer Hypertension
long-term hypertension is a common cause of diastolic heart failure.
Diastolic dysfunction occurs when the filling of one or both ventricles is impaired because the ventricle
has become less compliant.
The heart must pump more forcefully in order to push blood into circulation against increased vascular
resistance.
Which type of angina results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in atypical patterns?
Classic angina
Prinzmetal's angina
Unstable angina
Pleuritic chest pain
- correct answer Prinzmetal's angina
Results from coronary artery vasospasm and occurs in an atypical pattern. It is usually at a single site. It
can occur in a normal or disease vessel. Pain is usually resolved with angina medication.
Classic (stable angina) occurs when the heart is stressed, lasts less than 5 minutes, and usually resolves
with rest.
Unstable angina is considered a medical emergency because it lasts longer than 5 minutes, does not
follow the normal pain pattern, and may not resolve with rest or angina medication. It is often
associated or signals a MI.
,A patient who is in cardiogenic shock will present with:
a high cardiac index
decreased vascular resistance
increased ventricular ejection fraction
mixed venous oxygen saturation
- correct answer mixed venous oxygen saturation
Patients will have a low cardiac index, elevated filling pressures of the left, right, or both ventricles, and
a decreased mixed venous oxygen saturation.
With each heart beat, blood within the left and right ventricle is ejected into the:
left atrium only
aorta and pulmonary artery
anterior descending artery
right coronary artery
- correct answer aorta and pulmonary artery
The primary cause of cardiogenic shock in a patient with an acute MI is:
failure of the ventricle to pump blood adequately
failure of the aortic valve to pump blood adequately
regurgitation of the tricuspid valve
regurgitation of the mitral valve
- correct answer failure of the ventricle to pump adequately
Unstable angina is characterized by:
angina with prolonged activity
angina symptoms lasting >6 months.
increasing crescendo angina
, angina with elevated cardiac markers
- correct answer increased crescendo angina
unstable angina is characterized by prolonged angina at rest (usually >20 minutes at rest), and increasing
crescendo angina (now more frequent & longer duration)
Which one of the following produces visible evidence of an underlying problem with reverse venous
flow?
cellulitis
bruising
stasis dermatitis
varicose veins
- correct answer varicose veins
Which one of the following is NOT an assessment finding in a patient who is experiencing shock?
low urine output
end-organ hyperperfusion
poor mentation
hypotension
- correct answer end-organ hyperperfusion
A progressive disease of heart muscle that is characterized by ventricular chamber enlargement and
contractile dysfunction is:
acute coronary syndrome
cardiac tamponade
dilated cardiomyopathy
thyrotoxicosis
- correct answer dilated cardiomyopathy
Patients with acute coronary syndrome may experience chest pain secondary to:
arterial vasodilation
