HONDROS BIO 253 EXAM 1 GRADED A+ LATEST
UPDATE
Anatomy - ANSWER Study of structure of an organism and the relationship of its
parts. Types of anatomy: gross anatomy, microscopic, developmental,
pathological, systemic
Physiology - ANSWER science that deals with the functions of the living organism
and its parts. How the body works
Characteristics of life - ANSWER Responsiveness, conductivity, Growth,
Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Circulation,
Reproduction
Responsiveness - ANSWER Ability of an organism to sense, monitor and respond to
changes in both its internal and external environments
Conductivity - ANSWER Capacity of living cells to transmit a wave of electrical
disturbance from one point to another within the body
Growth - ANSWER Organized increase in the size and number of cells and
therefore an increase in size of the individual or a particular organ or part
Respiration - ANSWER Exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
between an organism and its environment
Digestion - ANSWER process by which complex food products are broken down into
simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by individual body cells
Absorption - ANSWER movement of molecules, such as respiratory gases or
digested nutrients, through a membrane and into the body fluids for transport to
cells for use
Secretion - ANSWER production and release of important substances, such as
digestive juices and hormones, for diverse body functions
Excretion - ANSWER removal of waste products from the body
Circulation - ANSWER movement of body fluids containing many substances from one
body area to another in a continuous, circular route through hollow vessels
Reproduction - ANSWER formation of new individual offspring
autopoiesis - ANSWER living organisms are self-organizing or self-maintaining and
nonliving structures are not.
,cell theory - ANSWER any independent structure made up of one or more microscopic
units called cells is a living organism
metabolism - ANSWER each characteristic of life is related to the sum total of all
the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body
levels of organization - ANSWER
atom--molecule--macromolecules--organelle--cell--tissue--organ--organ system--organism
atom - ANSWER tiny spheres of matter, every material thing in the universe,
including the human body is composed of atoms. Combinations of atoms form larger
chemical groupings
molecules - ANSWER combos of atoms that form larger chemical groupings
macromolecules - ANSWER molecules in combination with other atoms form these
larger and more complex chemicals
cytoplasm - ANSWER atoms, molecules and macromolecules in living material form
this gel like material made of fluids, particles and membranes--the essential material of
human life
organelles - ANSWER a structure made of molecules organized in such a way that
it can perform a specific function. Tiny organs that all each cell to live. Cannot survive
outside the cell, but without organelles the cell could not survive.
Types of organelles - ANSWER Mitochondria-power house of cells that
provide energy needed by the cell to carry out day-to-day functioning, growth and
repair.
Golgi apparatus-set of sacs that provide "packaging" service to cells by storing material
for future internal use or for export from the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum--network of channels within the cell that act as "highways" for
the movement of chemicals and as sites for chemical processing
cellular level - ANSWER cells are the smallest and most numerous structural
units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter. Each cell is
surrounded by a membrane and a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that
includes the numerous organelles required for the normal processes of living
tissue level - ANSWER a group of a great many similar cells that all developed
together from the same part of the embryo and all perform a certain function. Tissue
cells are surrounded by varying amounts and kinds of nonliving intercellular substances,
or the matrix
Four major principal tissue types - ANSWER epithelial, connective, muscle and
, nervous organ level - ANSWER organ is a structure made up of several different
kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a specific function.
system level - ANSWER systems are the most complex of the organizational
units of the body.
Eleven majors systems of the body - ANSWER integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary,
reproductive
Integumentary system - ANSWER skin--protection, temperature regulation, sensation
Skeletal system - ANSWER Bones, ligaments--support, protection, movement,
mineral and fat storage, blood production
Muscular system - ANSWER skeletal muscles, tendons--movement, posture, heat
production
Nervous system - ANSWER brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs--control,
regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory
Endocrine system - ANSWER pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid,
parathyroids, and other glands--control and regulation of other systems
Cardiovascular system - ANSWER heart, arteries, veins, capillaries--exchange and
transport of materials
Lymphatic system - ANSWER lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen,
thymus, tonsils--immunity, fluid balance
Respiratory system - ANSWER lungs, bronchial trees, trachea, larynx, nasal
cavity--gas exchange, acid-base balance
Digestive system - ANSWER stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver,
mouth, pancreas--breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
Urinary system - ANSWER kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra--excretion of waste,
fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Reproductive system - ANSWER Male-testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal
vesicles, penis Female-ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
Reproduction, Continuity Of Genetic Information, Nurturing Of Offspring
Anatomical Position - ANSWER Body Is Erect, Posture, With The Arms At The
UPDATE
Anatomy - ANSWER Study of structure of an organism and the relationship of its
parts. Types of anatomy: gross anatomy, microscopic, developmental,
pathological, systemic
Physiology - ANSWER science that deals with the functions of the living organism
and its parts. How the body works
Characteristics of life - ANSWER Responsiveness, conductivity, Growth,
Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Circulation,
Reproduction
Responsiveness - ANSWER Ability of an organism to sense, monitor and respond to
changes in both its internal and external environments
Conductivity - ANSWER Capacity of living cells to transmit a wave of electrical
disturbance from one point to another within the body
Growth - ANSWER Organized increase in the size and number of cells and
therefore an increase in size of the individual or a particular organ or part
Respiration - ANSWER Exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
between an organism and its environment
Digestion - ANSWER process by which complex food products are broken down into
simpler substances that can be absorbed and used by individual body cells
Absorption - ANSWER movement of molecules, such as respiratory gases or
digested nutrients, through a membrane and into the body fluids for transport to
cells for use
Secretion - ANSWER production and release of important substances, such as
digestive juices and hormones, for diverse body functions
Excretion - ANSWER removal of waste products from the body
Circulation - ANSWER movement of body fluids containing many substances from one
body area to another in a continuous, circular route through hollow vessels
Reproduction - ANSWER formation of new individual offspring
autopoiesis - ANSWER living organisms are self-organizing or self-maintaining and
nonliving structures are not.
,cell theory - ANSWER any independent structure made up of one or more microscopic
units called cells is a living organism
metabolism - ANSWER each characteristic of life is related to the sum total of all
the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body
levels of organization - ANSWER
atom--molecule--macromolecules--organelle--cell--tissue--organ--organ system--organism
atom - ANSWER tiny spheres of matter, every material thing in the universe,
including the human body is composed of atoms. Combinations of atoms form larger
chemical groupings
molecules - ANSWER combos of atoms that form larger chemical groupings
macromolecules - ANSWER molecules in combination with other atoms form these
larger and more complex chemicals
cytoplasm - ANSWER atoms, molecules and macromolecules in living material form
this gel like material made of fluids, particles and membranes--the essential material of
human life
organelles - ANSWER a structure made of molecules organized in such a way that
it can perform a specific function. Tiny organs that all each cell to live. Cannot survive
outside the cell, but without organelles the cell could not survive.
Types of organelles - ANSWER Mitochondria-power house of cells that
provide energy needed by the cell to carry out day-to-day functioning, growth and
repair.
Golgi apparatus-set of sacs that provide "packaging" service to cells by storing material
for future internal use or for export from the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum--network of channels within the cell that act as "highways" for
the movement of chemicals and as sites for chemical processing
cellular level - ANSWER cells are the smallest and most numerous structural
units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter. Each cell is
surrounded by a membrane and a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that
includes the numerous organelles required for the normal processes of living
tissue level - ANSWER a group of a great many similar cells that all developed
together from the same part of the embryo and all perform a certain function. Tissue
cells are surrounded by varying amounts and kinds of nonliving intercellular substances,
or the matrix
Four major principal tissue types - ANSWER epithelial, connective, muscle and
, nervous organ level - ANSWER organ is a structure made up of several different
kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a specific function.
system level - ANSWER systems are the most complex of the organizational
units of the body.
Eleven majors systems of the body - ANSWER integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary,
reproductive
Integumentary system - ANSWER skin--protection, temperature regulation, sensation
Skeletal system - ANSWER Bones, ligaments--support, protection, movement,
mineral and fat storage, blood production
Muscular system - ANSWER skeletal muscles, tendons--movement, posture, heat
production
Nervous system - ANSWER brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs--control,
regulation, and coordination of other systems, sensation, memory
Endocrine system - ANSWER pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid,
parathyroids, and other glands--control and regulation of other systems
Cardiovascular system - ANSWER heart, arteries, veins, capillaries--exchange and
transport of materials
Lymphatic system - ANSWER lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen,
thymus, tonsils--immunity, fluid balance
Respiratory system - ANSWER lungs, bronchial trees, trachea, larynx, nasal
cavity--gas exchange, acid-base balance
Digestive system - ANSWER stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver,
mouth, pancreas--breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
Urinary system - ANSWER kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra--excretion of waste,
fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Reproductive system - ANSWER Male-testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal
vesicles, penis Female-ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts
Reproduction, Continuity Of Genetic Information, Nurturing Of Offspring
Anatomical Position - ANSWER Body Is Erect, Posture, With The Arms At The
