Human Anatomy Exam questions
with answers graded A+
contractibility - ANS✅✅ability of a muscle to shorten
excitability - ANS✅✅ability of muscle to respond to stimuli
extensibility - ANS✅✅ability of a muscle to extend
elasticity - ANS✅✅ability of a muscle to return to its resting length
all or none law - ANS✅✅individual muscle contract as hard as they can or not at all
functions of muscles - ANS✅✅body movement, maintaining posture, regulating elimination of
materials, heat production
epimysium - ANS✅✅CT that surrounds entire muscle
perimysium - ANS✅✅CT surrounding fascicle
endomysium - ANS✅✅CT surrounds muscle fiber
origin - ANS✅✅muscle tendon that attaches to the bone that remains stationary during
contraction
Insertion - ANS✅✅at the end of tendon, it attaches to the end of the bone, moves toward origin
when muscle contracts
myofibrils - ANS✅✅cylindrical structures extending the entire length of the cell, 80% fiber volume,
ability to shorten resulting in contraction of muscle fiber, think and thin filaments
A band - ANS✅✅everywhere thick filaments are present
,H zone/band - ANS✅✅only thick filament, no overlap, dark part
M line - ANS✅✅center of H zone, middle of the sarcomere, two Z lines pull toward this
I band - ANS✅✅only have thin filaments
Isometric - ANS✅✅length of muscle remains constant
Concentric - ANS✅✅length of the muscle gets shorter
Eccentric - ANS✅✅length of the muscle gets longer
sliding filament theory - ANS✅✅muscles shorten by thin and thick filaments sliding past each
other, filaments increase over lap
Troponin - ANS✅✅attached to both actin and tropomyosin, has a binding site for calcium
Tropomyosin - ANS✅✅rope like protein, at rest it is in a position to cover binding sites of actin
agonist - ANS✅✅main muscle that performs the movement, biggest muscle in the region, prime
mover
synergist - ANS✅✅help with movement but aren't the biggest muscle
antagonist - ANS✅✅opposite side of the body that performs the other movement
Fibromyaligia - ANS✅✅chronic muscle pain, unexplainable
muscular dystrophy - ANS✅✅progressive deterioration of muscles and tissue (winged scapulae
and scoliosis), results in atrophy of the affected muscle, muscle fibers are replaced by fibrous
connective and fatty tissue, no cure
, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - ANS✅✅neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons;
loss of function leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, and spastic paralysis; usually leads to death in 5
years from respiratory failure
Myasthenia gravis - ANS✅✅autoimmune disease where antibodies attach to the ACh receptors on
the sarcolemma, therefore blocking or reducing stimulatory effect on the neurotransmitter
sensory neurons - ANS✅✅neurons that transmit sensory info to the CNS
motor neurons - ANS✅✅neurons that pass impulses from the CNS to a muscle or gland
Interneuron - ANS✅✅neuron that transmits impulses between motor and sensory neurons as part
of a reflex arc
Path of nerve impulse - ANS✅✅dendrites->cell body->axon
Neurons - ANS✅✅transmit nerve impulses
Neuroglial cells - ANS✅✅helper cells that support, protect, and nourish neurons
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) - ANS✅✅PNS axons only, similar in structure and function to
oligodendrocytes, myelination
Oligondendrocytes - ANS✅✅CNS axons only, wrap themselves around axons, produce myelin
Astrocytes - ANS✅✅cells that form the blood-brain barrier, stop toxic substances from entering
Ependymal cells - ANS✅✅form and circulate CSF, line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal
cord
Gray matter - ANS✅✅motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, myelinated axons
with answers graded A+
contractibility - ANS✅✅ability of a muscle to shorten
excitability - ANS✅✅ability of muscle to respond to stimuli
extensibility - ANS✅✅ability of a muscle to extend
elasticity - ANS✅✅ability of a muscle to return to its resting length
all or none law - ANS✅✅individual muscle contract as hard as they can or not at all
functions of muscles - ANS✅✅body movement, maintaining posture, regulating elimination of
materials, heat production
epimysium - ANS✅✅CT that surrounds entire muscle
perimysium - ANS✅✅CT surrounding fascicle
endomysium - ANS✅✅CT surrounds muscle fiber
origin - ANS✅✅muscle tendon that attaches to the bone that remains stationary during
contraction
Insertion - ANS✅✅at the end of tendon, it attaches to the end of the bone, moves toward origin
when muscle contracts
myofibrils - ANS✅✅cylindrical structures extending the entire length of the cell, 80% fiber volume,
ability to shorten resulting in contraction of muscle fiber, think and thin filaments
A band - ANS✅✅everywhere thick filaments are present
,H zone/band - ANS✅✅only thick filament, no overlap, dark part
M line - ANS✅✅center of H zone, middle of the sarcomere, two Z lines pull toward this
I band - ANS✅✅only have thin filaments
Isometric - ANS✅✅length of muscle remains constant
Concentric - ANS✅✅length of the muscle gets shorter
Eccentric - ANS✅✅length of the muscle gets longer
sliding filament theory - ANS✅✅muscles shorten by thin and thick filaments sliding past each
other, filaments increase over lap
Troponin - ANS✅✅attached to both actin and tropomyosin, has a binding site for calcium
Tropomyosin - ANS✅✅rope like protein, at rest it is in a position to cover binding sites of actin
agonist - ANS✅✅main muscle that performs the movement, biggest muscle in the region, prime
mover
synergist - ANS✅✅help with movement but aren't the biggest muscle
antagonist - ANS✅✅opposite side of the body that performs the other movement
Fibromyaligia - ANS✅✅chronic muscle pain, unexplainable
muscular dystrophy - ANS✅✅progressive deterioration of muscles and tissue (winged scapulae
and scoliosis), results in atrophy of the affected muscle, muscle fibers are replaced by fibrous
connective and fatty tissue, no cure
, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - ANS✅✅neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons;
loss of function leads to muscle weakness, atrophy, and spastic paralysis; usually leads to death in 5
years from respiratory failure
Myasthenia gravis - ANS✅✅autoimmune disease where antibodies attach to the ACh receptors on
the sarcolemma, therefore blocking or reducing stimulatory effect on the neurotransmitter
sensory neurons - ANS✅✅neurons that transmit sensory info to the CNS
motor neurons - ANS✅✅neurons that pass impulses from the CNS to a muscle or gland
Interneuron - ANS✅✅neuron that transmits impulses between motor and sensory neurons as part
of a reflex arc
Path of nerve impulse - ANS✅✅dendrites->cell body->axon
Neurons - ANS✅✅transmit nerve impulses
Neuroglial cells - ANS✅✅helper cells that support, protect, and nourish neurons
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) - ANS✅✅PNS axons only, similar in structure and function to
oligodendrocytes, myelination
Oligondendrocytes - ANS✅✅CNS axons only, wrap themselves around axons, produce myelin
Astrocytes - ANS✅✅cells that form the blood-brain barrier, stop toxic substances from entering
Ependymal cells - ANS✅✅form and circulate CSF, line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal
cord
Gray matter - ANS✅✅motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, myelinated axons
