Summary Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

💨 Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Cellular Respiration is the catabolic pathway that breaks down organic molecules (like glucose)
using oxygen to release energy for ATP production.


C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O + Energy (ATP + Heat)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​




1. Aerobic Respiration: The Four Stages
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of Oxygen (O2 ) and yields about 30-32 ATP per
​




glucose molecule.

Stage Location Main Input Main Output ATP Yield


1. Cytosol 1 Glucose (6C) 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP
Glycoly (3C), 2 ATP
sis (net),
2 NADH


2. Mitochondrial Matrix 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA 0 ATP
Pyruvat (2C), 2 CO2 , ​




e 2 NADH
Oxidati
on


3. Citric Mitochondrial Matrix 2 Acetyl CoA 4 CO2 ,​
2 ATP
Acid 6 NADH,
Cycle ( 2 FADH2 ​




TCA)


4. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane NADH/FADH2 ​
H2 O
​
∼ 26-28 ATP
Oxidati , O2 ​




ve
Phosph
orylatio
n



High-Energy Electron Carriers
NADH and FADH2 are reduced (high-energy) carriers produced in stages 1-3.
​




They carry electrons to the final stage, Oxidative Phosphorylation.


2. Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Powerhouse
This stage uses the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 to make the majority of ATP.
​




A. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Location: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane.
Process: NADH and FADH2 drop off electrons to a chain of protein complexes. As electrons
​




move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump Hydrogenions from the