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Samenvatting infectieziekten en antimicrobiele therapie (J000426A)

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Volledige samenvatting van het vak infectieziekten en antimicrobiele therapie gegeven door Prof. Coenye in de master Farmaceutische Zorg. Omvat de powerpoints alsook extra notities en informatie vanuit de lessen. Ook toegevoegd: het te kennen deeltje uit algemene microbiologie (3e bachelor) en de BAPCOC. Geslaagd in 1e zit.

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INFECTIEZIEKTEN
EN AB-THERAPIE

,INHOUD

LESSEN 3e BACHELOR
Controle micro-organismen in vivo ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Historisch overzicht ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Basisbegrippen .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
MIC/ MBC ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Onderscheid bactericied – bacteriostatisch ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Bepaling MIC .................................................................................................................................................................................................5
MIC-distributie .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Breekpunt/ECOFF ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6



A) Antimycotica/ antifungale middelen..................................................................................................................................................................7
B) Verschillende AB-klassen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
1. AB die celwandsynthese inhiberen .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Bèta-lactam AB ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Glycopeptide AB.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Bacitracine .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
2. AB die EW-synthese inhiberen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Tetracyclines ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Aminoglycosiden......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Macroliden .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Chlooramfenicol en thiamfenicol................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Licosamiden ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Oxazolidinonen ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Mupirocine .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Fusidinezuur................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
3. AB die de membraanintegriteit verstoren ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
(Lipo-)peptiden ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
4. AB die transcriptie inhiberen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Rifampicine ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Fidaxomicine ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
5. AB die DNA-gyrase activiteit inhiberen ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
Chinolonen .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
6. AB die tetrahydrofolaat pathway inhiberen ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
Trim/Sulfa ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
7. Overige AB ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Nitrofuranen ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Nitroimidazolen........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Fosfomycine ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21



Factoren belangrijk bij keuze van AB ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22
PK/PD van AB..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
AB-tolerantie in biofilms .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Vaccins .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Verschillende platformen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 24




1

,LESSEN 1e MASTER
Hoofdstuk 1: Bijdrage infectieziekten aan globale mortaliteit .................................................................................................................................... 25
AB-resistentie .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Factoren verantwoordelijk voor ontstaan resistentie (AMR) ........................................................................................................................ 25
Evolutie AB-gebruik ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 26



Hoofdstuk 2: BAPCOC ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
Bijkomende informatie BAPCOC......................................................................................................................................................................... 28



Hoofdstuk 3: ESKAPE pathogenen = resistente pathogenen ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Extended-spectrum bèta-lactamase enterobacterales (= ESBL) ........................................................................................................................... 28
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (= CPE) ......................................................................................................................................... 28
ESBL+ Enterobacterales .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Carbapenemase-producerende Enterobacterales en andere organismen ................................................................................................. 29
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative (glucose) non-fermenters (MDR GNNF) .......................................................................................................... 30
Carbapenem resistentie in Acinetobacter baumannii ................................................................................................................................. 30
MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30
VISA/ VRSA: vancomycine intermediate/ resistant S. aureus ................................................................................................................................ 32
VISA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
VRSA............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Vancomycine en linezolid resistentie in enterococci ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Streptococcus pneumoniae – de pneumokok ...................................................................................................................................................... 32



Hoofdstuk 4: Farmacokinetiek en -dynamiek van de belangrijkste anti-infectieuze GMklassen ................................................................................... 34
Waarom farmacokinetiek? ................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Welke parameters om de PK te begrijpen? .................................................................................................................................................. 34
ADME ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
PK: absorptie ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
PK-distributie .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
PK-eliminatie ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Waarom farmacodynamiek? .............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Voorbeelden dosis-respons curves ter aanzet PK/PD groepen.............................................................................................................................. 36
Aanzet AB-groepen ingedeeld volgens PK/ PD kenmerken .................................................................................................................................... 37
Eucast ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
VUISTREGELS interpreteren antibiogram .................................................................................................................................................... 39
AB-groepen ingedeeld volgens PK/PD-kenmerken ............................................................................................................................................... 40
1. Tijdsafhankelijke AB zonder post-antibiotisch effect: vrije fractie > MIC ................................................................................................ 40
2. AUC-24h / MIC - AB .................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
3. Concentratie-afhankelijke AB ................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Interpretatie antibiogrammen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 44




2

,Hoofdstuk 5: PK/ PD bij verschillende patientenpopulaties ....................................................................................................................................... 47
1. Intensieve zorg-patiënten ............................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hemodynamische wijzigingen in intensieve zorg patienten ........................................................................................................................ 47
Actie op 2 fronten ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Lipofiele vs hydrofiele AB: welke at risk? ..................................................................................................................................................... 49
Casussen .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Strategie om goed te doseren bij IZ-patiënten ............................................................................................................................................. 50
2. Kinderen ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
PK: absorptie ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
PK: distributie .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
PK: metabolisatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
PK: eliminatie .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Cut-off ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Casussen .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
3. Ouderen........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
PK: absorptie ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
PK: distributie .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
PK: metabolisatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 53
PK: excretie ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Casussen .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
4. Cystic fibrosis-patiënten ................................................................................................................................................................................ 54
Beleid .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Inhalatietherapieen bij CF ........................................................................................................................................................................... 55
5. Obesitas ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
PK ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 56
Calculators ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Casussen .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 57



Hoofdstuk 6: Microbioom ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Microbioom ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Gastro-intestinale compositie microbioom ................................................................................................................................................ 58
Rol microbioom ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Resistentie kolonisatie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Clostridium difficile ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Verloop C. difficile infectie .......................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Therapie C. difficile infectie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 61
Faecale microbiota transplantatie .............................................................................................................................................................. 61
Dieet en prebiotica ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Symbiotische microbiële consortia............................................................................................................................................................. 62
Ge-engeneerde symbiotische bacteriën ..................................................................................................................................................... 63
Microbiota gederiveerde proteïnen en metabolieten .................................................................................................................................. 63
Microbioom-gebaseerde antimicrobiële therapieën in andere infectieuze ziekten ................................................................................................. 63
Enterocolitis ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63
COPD en CF ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63




3

,1) LESSEN 3 E BACHELOR
CONTROLE MICRO-ORGANISMEN IN VIVO

HISTORISCH OVERZICHT

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915): introductie van belangrijk concept "selectieve toxiciteit"
• Eerste antimicrobieel chemotherapeuticum: arsphenamine
- Bevat arseen
- Vanaf 1910 tot 1940: behandeling van syfilis
• Vanaf 1930 (Bayer AG): sulfonamiden
- Vb. Prontosil (pro-drug, activiteit tegen Streptococcen)
- Voor behandeling longontsteking

Grootste doorbraak : Antibiotica

• Per ongeluk ontdekt door Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955, Nobelprijs in 1945)
- Slordig in labo: onderzoek naar bacterie → cultuur gecontamineerd met schimmel
- Rond schimmel op plaat = Staphylcoccus afgedood
- Component geproduceerd door Penicillium remt groei v Staphylococcus Aureus (1928)
• Massa-productie vanaf 1941
- Impact = enorm
• Antibiotica = component geproduceerd door micro-organismen en zijn van natuurlijke oorsprong
- Bodembacteriën: Bacillus, Streptomyces, …
- Schimmels: Penicillium, …
• Ook semi-synthetische antibiotica
- Bv.. semisynthetische penicillines : chemisch gemodificeerd

Antimicrobiële middelen = hoeksteen moderne geneeskunde

• Samen met vaccins
• Beiden vaak over hoofd gezien aspect van ‘sustainable development goals’ van VN


BASISBEGRIPPEN


MIC/ MBC

MIC = minimale inhiberende concentratie = de laagste concentratie van een bepaalde stof die
nodig is om de groei van een micro-organisme te inhiberen

MBC = minimale bactericide concentratie = de laagste concentratie van een bepaalde stof die
nodig is om een micro-organisme te doden

MFC: F = fungicide

MBC ≥ MIC = makkelijker om groei te inhiberen dan afdoding




4

, ONDERSCHEID BACTERICIED – BACTERIOSTATISCH
1. Bacteriostatisch geneesmiddel:
- Na wegnemen groeien de bacteriën
weer (niet afgedood !!)
- Voorkomt een grotere groei
2. Bactericide geneesmiddel:
- Alle bacteriën afgedood = geen groei
- Vermindering in aantal bacteriën tot 0
bij hoge concentratie

In bepaalde gevallen: ~ van concentratie: laag =
bacteriostatisch, hoog = bactericide


BEPALING MIC
Broth-microdilutie

• Broth = vloeibaar medium, microdilutie = verdunningsreeks
• Micro-organismen blootstellen aan stijgende concentratie AB
- In verdunningsreeksen van ½
- MIC achterhalen: aan hand van optische densiteit (OD) die
stijgt bij toenemende bacteriële groei
• Lage concentratie AB = goede groei, vanaf bepaalde
concentratie: OD = 0 = geen groei meer

Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusie methode

• Micro-organismen op vaste voedingsbodem → daarboven schijfjes met een
bepaalde hoeveelheid AB → AB diffundeert uit schijfje
- Concentratie AB: het hoogst het dichtste bij schijfje = geen groei
- Diameter van inhibitiezone (= zone geen groei) = idee gevoeligheid
- Hoe groter inhibitiezone, hoe gevoeliger

E-test (epsilometer)

• Strips waarop gradiënt van ABconcentraties aanwezig is
- Micro-organismen op vaste voedingsbodem → daarboven strips
met gradiënt → AB diffundeert uit strips
- Bovenaan hoge concentratie = veel diffusie = grotere inhibitiezone
- Plaats waar inhibitiezone strip raakt = MIC


MIC-DISTRIBUTIE
Y-as = frequentie

1) MIC-distributie in unimodale populatie van organismen zonder resistentiemechanismen
= Ideale wereld waarin alle isolaten gevoelig zijn in bepaalde mate

• MIC50 = concentratie waarbij helft van isolaten geen
groei meer vertoont
• MIC90 = 90% van isolaten


5

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