EXAM 1 BIO 102: ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II
W/LAB, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PORTAGE LEARNING
Focuses on the foundational topics of the second semester, which often
include evolution, the diversity of life (viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi),
and introductory animal biology (invertebrates and basic
anatomy/physiology).
ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II W/LAB
descent with modification - CORRECT-ANSWERS--principle that each living
species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
- shared ancestry, resulting in shared characteristics (descent)
- with accumulation of differences (modification)
has given rise to the DIVERSITY OF LIFE
scale of nature (scala naturae) - CORRECT-ANSWERS--species have
certain characteristics and can be organized into a ladder of increasing
complexity
- Aristotle
Paleontology - CORRECT-ANSWERS--the study of fossils >>>
,The scientific study of prehistoric life on Earth through the examination of fossils It
is a highly interdisciplinary field that combines aspects of biology, geology, and
ecology to understand the history of life, evolutionary processes, and ancient
environments.
- Fathered by Georges Cuvier
Strata - CORRECT-ANSWERS--layers of sedimentary rock >>>
(Singular: stratum) are distinct layers of rock or soil that have internally consistent
characteristics which distinguish them from adjacent layers. The term is primarily
used in geology and paleontology to refer to layers of sedimentary rock, which form
a vertical timeline of earth's history.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829). How does the bonsai tree example
show that Lamarck was wrong? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--- first to suggest
evolutionary change and "how" species change over time
- he gave mechanisms for evolution - WRONG
- he understood that organisms were well suited for their environment
Mechanisms:
1. Principle of use and disuse
2. Principle of Inheritance of acquired characteristics
, 3. Innate drive to become more complex
Bonsai - people can cut the bonsai tree to make it appear smaller, yet the
offspring will grow as large as it wants, will not acquire its paternal traits
inheritance of acquired characteristics - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Lamarckian
belief that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an organism can
be passed on to offspring
Head Stander Beatle Example - CORRECT-ANSWERS--1. Organisms are
well suited for their environment
- lives in Namib desert (SW Africa)
-"stands on head" facing winds that carry fog; collects water droplets on
body; droplets run to mouth
2. The unity of life
- Headstander beetle = insect
-all insects have 3 pairs legs; hard shell; wings
3. The diversity of life
-belongs to 1 of 350,000 species of beetles!
-1 in 5 species is a beetle!
Three Key Observations of Life - CORRECT-ANSWERS--1. Organisms are
well suited for their environment
2. The unity of life
W/LAB, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PORTAGE LEARNING
Focuses on the foundational topics of the second semester, which often
include evolution, the diversity of life (viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi),
and introductory animal biology (invertebrates and basic
anatomy/physiology).
ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II W/LAB
descent with modification - CORRECT-ANSWERS--principle that each living
species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
- shared ancestry, resulting in shared characteristics (descent)
- with accumulation of differences (modification)
has given rise to the DIVERSITY OF LIFE
scale of nature (scala naturae) - CORRECT-ANSWERS--species have
certain characteristics and can be organized into a ladder of increasing
complexity
- Aristotle
Paleontology - CORRECT-ANSWERS--the study of fossils >>>
,The scientific study of prehistoric life on Earth through the examination of fossils It
is a highly interdisciplinary field that combines aspects of biology, geology, and
ecology to understand the history of life, evolutionary processes, and ancient
environments.
- Fathered by Georges Cuvier
Strata - CORRECT-ANSWERS--layers of sedimentary rock >>>
(Singular: stratum) are distinct layers of rock or soil that have internally consistent
characteristics which distinguish them from adjacent layers. The term is primarily
used in geology and paleontology to refer to layers of sedimentary rock, which form
a vertical timeline of earth's history.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829). How does the bonsai tree example
show that Lamarck was wrong? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--- first to suggest
evolutionary change and "how" species change over time
- he gave mechanisms for evolution - WRONG
- he understood that organisms were well suited for their environment
Mechanisms:
1. Principle of use and disuse
2. Principle of Inheritance of acquired characteristics
, 3. Innate drive to become more complex
Bonsai - people can cut the bonsai tree to make it appear smaller, yet the
offspring will grow as large as it wants, will not acquire its paternal traits
inheritance of acquired characteristics - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Lamarckian
belief that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an organism can
be passed on to offspring
Head Stander Beatle Example - CORRECT-ANSWERS--1. Organisms are
well suited for their environment
- lives in Namib desert (SW Africa)
-"stands on head" facing winds that carry fog; collects water droplets on
body; droplets run to mouth
2. The unity of life
- Headstander beetle = insect
-all insects have 3 pairs legs; hard shell; wings
3. The diversity of life
-belongs to 1 of 350,000 species of beetles!
-1 in 5 species is a beetle!
Three Key Observations of Life - CORRECT-ANSWERS--1. Organisms are
well suited for their environment
2. The unity of life
