NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
2025/2026 Guide| Questions & Answers|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Chamberlain
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - ANSWER
causes increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials -
ANSWER promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - ANSWER
squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins
and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - ANSWER
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs? - ANSWER leads to further narrowing of the bronchial
passageways
,What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ANSWER
respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? - ANSWER naso and oropharynx
(mouth and nose)
Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? - ANSWER
it passes through the trachea
After air passes through the trachea where does it go? - ANSWER
goes into the left or right bronchi
Where does air flow after the bronchi? - ANSWER into the smaller
bronchioles
Where does air flow after the bronchioles? - ANSWER into the
alveoli
Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated - ANSWER -
deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to R atrium
- Tricuspid valve opens to flow to R ventricle
, -Pulmonary semilunar valve opens and blood flows to the alveolar capillaries for
gas exchange from the pulmonary trunk and L & R pulmonary arteries
- blood goes from alveolar capillaries to pulmonary veins to return oxygenated
blood to the left atrium
- bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to go to left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve opens and blood goes to the aorta
- aorta pushes oxygenated blood out to the body
What is the formula for cardiac output - ANSWER CO = HR x SV
cardiac reserve - ANSWER difference between resting and maximal
CO; should be about 4-5x as high but does decrease 1% per year after age 30
Asthma - ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and
an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
2025/2026 Guide| Questions & Answers|
Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Chamberlain
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - ANSWER
causes increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials -
ANSWER promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - ANSWER
squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins
and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - ANSWER
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs? - ANSWER leads to further narrowing of the bronchial
passageways
,What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - ANSWER
respiratory acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? - ANSWER naso and oropharynx
(mouth and nose)
Where does air go after it passes through the nose and mouth? - ANSWER
it passes through the trachea
After air passes through the trachea where does it go? - ANSWER
goes into the left or right bronchi
Where does air flow after the bronchi? - ANSWER into the smaller
bronchioles
Where does air flow after the bronchioles? - ANSWER into the
alveoli
Describe how blood flows to become oxygenated - ANSWER -
deoxygenated systemic blood flows from the vena cava to R atrium
- Tricuspid valve opens to flow to R ventricle
, -Pulmonary semilunar valve opens and blood flows to the alveolar capillaries for
gas exchange from the pulmonary trunk and L & R pulmonary arteries
- blood goes from alveolar capillaries to pulmonary veins to return oxygenated
blood to the left atrium
- bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to go to left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve opens and blood goes to the aorta
- aorta pushes oxygenated blood out to the body
What is the formula for cardiac output - ANSWER CO = HR x SV
cardiac reserve - ANSWER difference between resting and maximal
CO; should be about 4-5x as high but does decrease 1% per year after age 30
Asthma - ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and
an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
