NR-565 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals (Chamberlain) | 2024–2025
Midterm Exam Review Questions with
Answers & Rationales
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at
risk for adverse drug reactions with potential long term
consequences? --SOLUTION-- 1st trimester (fetus most
at risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? --SOLUTION--
Recommendations of medications inappropriate for
elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) --SOLUTION--
liver enzyme system where medications are
metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and
create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers --SOLUTION-- Speed up metabolism
of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has lesser
effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate
CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic --SOLUTION-- "Bullshit
Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names --SOLUTION--
Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin,
alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital,
sulfonylureas
,CYP450 inhibitors --SOLUTION-- inhibit metabolism,
increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic --SOLUTION-- "VISA credit card debt
INHIBITS spending on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names --SOLUTION-- Valproate,
isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol,
ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Need to increase doses of SSRI, beta blockers etc.
Codeine can be deadly --SOLUTION-- CYP2D6
Decrease warfarin dose
Test for gene VCORC1 mutation --SOLUTION-- CYP2C9
Decreases elimination
Increase toxicity of Amio --SOLUTION-- CYP3A4
no accepted medical use in the US it may not be
prescribed.
heroin,various opium derivatives,hallucinogenic
substances --SOLUTION-- Schedule I
No refills, no telephone orders
Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants --SOLUTION--
Schedule II
Drugs in this category are considered to be at
moderate or low risk for physical dependence, and with
current reasons for medical use
Anabolic steroids, most barbituates and ketamine
Must prescribe every 6 months, can be by phone -
Answer>> Schedule III
,Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch III. Examples
are: Ambien, Darvocet and Lorazepam --SOLUTION--
Schedule IV
Not always necessary to have a prescription
Loperamide, diphenoxylate and cough medicine with
less than 200mg/100 ml pregabalin --SOLUTION--
Schedule V
Research of drug potential, animal testing, preparation
for human testing --SOLUTION-- Preclinical research
Initial clinical safety studies in humans. May be as few
as 10 subjects, often healthy volunteers --SOLUTION-
- Phase I
The study drug or treatment is given to a larger group
of people (100-300) to see if it is effective and to
further evaluate its safety --SOLUTION-- Phase II
The study drug or treatment is given to large groups of
people (1,000-3,000) to confirm its effectiveness,
monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used
treatments, and collect information that will allow the
drug or treatment to be used safely --SOLUTION--
Phase III
A study conducted after a drug has been shown to work
and has been granted a license (post-marketing
surveillance study) --SOLUTION-- Phase IV
Drugs that stimulate and mimic the actions of the
sympathetic nervous system. Also called
sympathomimetics. --SOLUTION-- Adrenergic agonists
Decrease sympathetic impulses from the CNS to the
heart and arterioles, causing vasodilation
, Lowers blood pressure, diuretic may be needed
Clonodine, Methyldopa, Guanabenz
SE: dry mouth, urinary retention, weight gain etc. -
Answer>> alpha 2 agonists
A drug that blocks the actions of the sympathetic
nervous system. --SOLUTION-- Adrenergic Antagonist
Decreases arterial and venous vasoconstriction
Decreases blood pressure, helps relieve bph, Diuretic
may be needed
-osin --SOLUTION-- Alpha 1 Antagonist
drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors; may be
nonselective or selective; also called beta blockers -
Answer>> Beta adrenergic antagonists
Effects heart muscle, blocks receptors in SA node to
decrease hr, decrease contractility
Reduces bp, reduces arrethymias, decreases angina
incidences
Metoprolol --SOLUTION-- Beta 1 Antagonist
Lowers bp
Effects lungs, bronchial constriction, avoid in asthma
patients
Propranolol --SOLUTION-- Beta 2 antagonist
do not take with acetaminophin or warfarin --SOLUTION--
Propranolol Interactions
Fundamentals (Chamberlain) | 2024–2025
Midterm Exam Review Questions with
Answers & Rationales
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at
risk for adverse drug reactions with potential long term
consequences? --SOLUTION-- 1st trimester (fetus most
at risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? --SOLUTION--
Recommendations of medications inappropriate for
elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) --SOLUTION--
liver enzyme system where medications are
metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors and
create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers --SOLUTION-- Speed up metabolism
of drugs (drug is cleared faster), drug has lesser
effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate
CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic --SOLUTION-- "Bullshit
Crap GPS INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names --SOLUTION--
Barbituates, St John wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin,
alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital,
sulfonylureas
,CYP450 inhibitors --SOLUTION-- inhibit metabolism,
increase blood levels of medications
CYP450 pneumonic --SOLUTION-- "VISA credit card debt
INHIBITS spending on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names --SOLUTION-- Valproate,
isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol,
ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
Need to increase doses of SSRI, beta blockers etc.
Codeine can be deadly --SOLUTION-- CYP2D6
Decrease warfarin dose
Test for gene VCORC1 mutation --SOLUTION-- CYP2C9
Decreases elimination
Increase toxicity of Amio --SOLUTION-- CYP3A4
no accepted medical use in the US it may not be
prescribed.
heroin,various opium derivatives,hallucinogenic
substances --SOLUTION-- Schedule I
No refills, no telephone orders
Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants --SOLUTION--
Schedule II
Drugs in this category are considered to be at
moderate or low risk for physical dependence, and with
current reasons for medical use
Anabolic steroids, most barbituates and ketamine
Must prescribe every 6 months, can be by phone -
Answer>> Schedule III
,Abuse potential exists, but less than Sch III. Examples
are: Ambien, Darvocet and Lorazepam --SOLUTION--
Schedule IV
Not always necessary to have a prescription
Loperamide, diphenoxylate and cough medicine with
less than 200mg/100 ml pregabalin --SOLUTION--
Schedule V
Research of drug potential, animal testing, preparation
for human testing --SOLUTION-- Preclinical research
Initial clinical safety studies in humans. May be as few
as 10 subjects, often healthy volunteers --SOLUTION-
- Phase I
The study drug or treatment is given to a larger group
of people (100-300) to see if it is effective and to
further evaluate its safety --SOLUTION-- Phase II
The study drug or treatment is given to large groups of
people (1,000-3,000) to confirm its effectiveness,
monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used
treatments, and collect information that will allow the
drug or treatment to be used safely --SOLUTION--
Phase III
A study conducted after a drug has been shown to work
and has been granted a license (post-marketing
surveillance study) --SOLUTION-- Phase IV
Drugs that stimulate and mimic the actions of the
sympathetic nervous system. Also called
sympathomimetics. --SOLUTION-- Adrenergic agonists
Decrease sympathetic impulses from the CNS to the
heart and arterioles, causing vasodilation
, Lowers blood pressure, diuretic may be needed
Clonodine, Methyldopa, Guanabenz
SE: dry mouth, urinary retention, weight gain etc. -
Answer>> alpha 2 agonists
A drug that blocks the actions of the sympathetic
nervous system. --SOLUTION-- Adrenergic Antagonist
Decreases arterial and venous vasoconstriction
Decreases blood pressure, helps relieve bph, Diuretic
may be needed
-osin --SOLUTION-- Alpha 1 Antagonist
drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors; may be
nonselective or selective; also called beta blockers -
Answer>> Beta adrenergic antagonists
Effects heart muscle, blocks receptors in SA node to
decrease hr, decrease contractility
Reduces bp, reduces arrethymias, decreases angina
incidences
Metoprolol --SOLUTION-- Beta 1 Antagonist
Lowers bp
Effects lungs, bronchial constriction, avoid in asthma
patients
Propranolol --SOLUTION-- Beta 2 antagonist
do not take with acetaminophin or warfarin --SOLUTION--
Propranolol Interactions
