NUR108 #1 - Chapter 08: Management of the Older Adult Questions With Complete Solutions

1. contact precautions - ANSWER pathogens transmitted by direct or indirect contact 2. droplet precautions - ANSWER tiny drops of mucus or airway secretion from talking, coughing, sneezing 3. Airborne precautions - ANSWER infectious disease, transmitted through the air by droplet or dust particles 4. Nursing Process - ANSWER systematic method of problem solving that forms the foundation of nursing practice 5. 5 phases of the nursing process are? - ANSWER Assessing Diagnosing Planning Implementation Evaluation 6. Culture - ANSWER Restriction of justice, rights, and privileges of individuals or minority groups, may occur, when dominant groups reinforce their rules and regulations in a way that limits opportunities for others 7. minority - ANSWER An individual or group of individuals who are outside the dominant group 8. Subculture - ANSWER A group of people within a culture whose practices or beliefs are distinct or separate from the dominant or parent culture 9. Multiculturalism - ANSWER Many cultures and subcultures coexisting within a given society, in which no one culture dominates 10. cultural values - ANSWER Ways of behaving or thinking that are sustained overtime and used to govern or guide a culture groups, actions and decisions 11. physical element - ANSWER The geographic area in which a society is located 12. Infrastructure element - ANSWER The framework of the systems and processes that keep a society functioning 13. Behavioral element - ANSWER The way people in society act and react to each other 14. Cultural element - ANSWER All the values, beliefs, assumptions and norms that made up a code of conduct for acceptable behaviors within a society 15. Culture groups - ANSWER Can be categorized around racial, ethnic, religious, or socially common practice patterns 16. Enculturation - ANSWER is exemplified by a process children use to learn cultural characteristics from adults 17. Social justice - ANSWER Recognizes that in society, not all groups are treated equally, stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination can threaten the delivery of healthcare services and adversely affect patient outcomes 18. Classism - ANSWER Oppression of groups of people based on their socioeconomic status 19. Homophobia - ANSWER Fear, hatred, or mistrust of gays and lesbians, often expressed an overt displays of discrimination 20. Heterosexism - ANSWER View of heterosexuality as the only correct sexual orientation 21. What do undocumented immigrants often do? - ANSWER They often do not seek healthcare until their condition becomes critical, this behavior results. From a complex combination of factors, many are uninsured, do not speak English, and have not yet learned the culture of their new homeland. 22. Who faces greater discrimination in healthcare? - ANSWER Transgender then, lesbians, and gays 23. Ageism - ANSWER Discrimination based on age 24. Vulnerable population - ANSWER A group of people in our culture were at greater risk for diseases, and reduced lifespan, due to lack of resources and exposure to more risk factors (poverty) 25. Health disparity - ANSWER Health, disparities, adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced a greater obstacles to health based on the racial or ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, age, mental health, cognitive sensory, or physical disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, geographic, location, or other characteristic historically linked to discrimination or exclusions 26. Pulse - ANSWER In medicine, a person's pulse is the arterial palpation of a heartbeat.[1] It can be palpated in any place that allows for an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), and near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery). The pulse rate can also be measured by measuring the heart beats directly (the apical pulse) 27. Blood Pressure - ANSWER a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The mean BP, due to pumping by the heart and resistance in blood vessels, decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries. It has its greatest decrease in the small arteries and arterioles, and continues to decrease as the blood moves through the capillaries and back to the heart through veins.[1] Gravity, valves in veins, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles, are some other influences on BP at various places in the body. The term blood pressure usually refers to the pressure measured at a person's upper arm. It is measured on the inside of an elbow at the brachial artery, which is the upper arm's major blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart 28. Respiratory rate - ANSWER • In physiology, respiration (or just breathing) is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the animal, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment. 29. Blood Glucose Level - ANSWER • The blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. Normally, in mammals the body maintains the blood glucose level at a reference range between about 3.6 and 5.8 mM (mmol/L). It is tightly regulated as a part of metabolic homeostasis 30. Body Weight - ANSWER Although some people prefer the less-ambiguous term body mass, the term body weight is overwhelmingly used in daily English speech as well as in the contexts of biological and medical sciences to describe the mass of an organism's body. Body weight is measured in kilograms throughout the world, although in some countries people more often measure and describe body weight in pounds (e.g. United States and Canada) or stones and pounds (e.g. among people in the Commonwealth of Nations 31. Apical - ANSWER Pertaining to the apex or pointed end of the heart 32. Apical Pulse - ANSWER Pulse taken with a stethoscope and near the apex of the heart 33. Apnea - ANSWER Absence of respirations; temporary cessation of respirations 34. Arrhythmia - ANSWER Irregular or abnormal rhythm, usually referring to the heart rhythm 35. Axilla - ANSWER Armpit, the area of the body under the arm 36. Auscultation - ANSWER The act of listening for sounds within the body 37. Blood Pressure - ANSWER Pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the arteries 38. Bradycardia - ANSWER Slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats a minute 39. Bradypnea - ANSWER Slow respiratory rate, usually below 10 respirations a minute 40. Capillary Refill - ANSWER is the rate at which blood refills empty capillaries. It can be measured by holding a hand higher than heart-level (prevents venous reflux), pressing a fingernail until it turns white, and taking note of the time needed for color to return once the nail is released 41. Cardiac Arrest - ANSWER Sudden stopping of heart action 42. Carotid Pulse - ANSWER felt along the long carotid artery on either side of the neck 43. Clinical Thermometers - ANSWER may be used to record temperatures 44. 45. Constrict - ANSWER To get smaller Cyanosis - ANSWER A dusky, bluish discoloration of the skin, lips, and/or nail beds as a result of decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. 46. Diastolic Blood Pressure - ANSWER The pressure remaining in the arteries during ventricular relaxation 47. 48. 49. Dilate - ANSWER To get larger Dyspnea - ANSWER Difficult or labored breathing Electronic Thermometers - ANSWER This type of thermometer registers the temperature on a viewer in a few seconds. 50. Fever - ANSWER Elevated body temperature, usually above 101 degrees F, rectally 51. Height - ANSWER Is the measurement of the length of the human body, from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head, when standing erect. 52. Homeostasis - ANSWER Is the ideal health state in the human body. 53. Hypertension - ANSWER High blood pressure Hyperthermia - ANSWER Occurs when the body temperature exceeds 104 degrees, measured rectally. Hypotension - ANSWER low blood pressure Hypothermia - ANSWER A low body temperature, below 95 degrees measured rectally Oral temperatures - ANSWER Are taken in the mouth. This is usually the most common, convenient, and comfortable method of obtaining a temperature