NUR 631 Final Exam (Advanced
Physiology & Pathophysiology) | 2026
Updated GCU Version | Verified
Questions, Answers & Rationales |
100% Correct | Graded A
QUESTION
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old
individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency
RESPONSE:
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
FEEDBACK: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal
discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
QUESTION
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite
RESPONSE:
,a. Bacteria
FEEDBACK: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
,QUESTION
A patient (client) exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and
proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data suggest the
presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome
RESPONSE:
c. Glomerulonephritis
FEEDBACK: The data suggest the patient (client) has the disorder known as
glomerulonephritis. Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1)
hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with albumin as the
major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of the other options. page 1357
QUESTION
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood
and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in
exchange for hydrogen
RESPONSE:
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
FEEDBACK: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose metabolism
causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions therefore can be effective
in shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space, along with the transport of
glucose. page 1363
QUESTION
is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure
a. Intrinsic factor
, b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin
RESPONSE:
d. Erythropoietin
QUESTION
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
RESPONSE:
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
FEEDBACK: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and growth
factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause proteinuria. None of the
other options are responsible for this process. page 1353-1357
QUESTION
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension
RESPONSE:
b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension
Physiology & Pathophysiology) | 2026
Updated GCU Version | Verified
Questions, Answers & Rationales |
100% Correct | Graded A
QUESTION
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old
individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency
RESPONSE:
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
FEEDBACK: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal
discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
QUESTION
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite
RESPONSE:
,a. Bacteria
FEEDBACK: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
,QUESTION
A patient (client) exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and
proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data suggest the
presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome
RESPONSE:
c. Glomerulonephritis
FEEDBACK: The data suggest the patient (client) has the disorder known as
glomerulonephritis. Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1)
hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with albumin as the
major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of the other options. page 1357
QUESTION
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood
and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in
exchange for hydrogen
RESPONSE:
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
FEEDBACK: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose metabolism
causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions therefore can be effective
in shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space, along with the transport of
glucose. page 1363
QUESTION
is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure
a. Intrinsic factor
, b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin
RESPONSE:
d. Erythropoietin
QUESTION
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
RESPONSE:
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
FEEDBACK: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and growth
factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause proteinuria. None of the
other options are responsible for this process. page 1353-1357
QUESTION
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension
RESPONSE:
b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension
