1
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PSYC 2103 Final Exam Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers) Already
Graded A+
Q: What does it mean that development is "lifelong"? [ ANS: ] A: It
continues throughout the entire life, not ending in early adulthood.
Q: Give an example of multidirectional development. [ ANS: ] A:
A middle-aged person may lose physical strength but gain
wisdom.
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Q: What are the three domains of development? [ ANS: ] A:
Biological, cognitive, socioemotional.
Q: Nature vs. Nurture debate refers to...? [ ANS: ] A: Whether
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development is shaped more by genetics or environment.
Q: Stability vs. Change example? [ ANS: ] A: A person remains
introverted from childhood to adulthood (stability).
Q:What is the fixation at the oral stage according to Freud? [ ANS:
] A: Smoking, nail biting, overeating.
Q: What is the crisis in Erikson's 5th stage (12-20 years)? [ ANS: ] A:
Identity vs role confusion.
Q: How does Erikson's theory differ from Freud's? [ ANS: ] A: Erikson
focused on social development across the entire lifespan.
Q: What virtue is gained in Erikson's first stage? [ ANS: ] A: Hope.
Q: What happens if someone fails the "generativity vs stagnation"
stage? [ ANS: ] A: They feel unproductive and disconnected from
society.
Q: What cognitive milestone is developed in Piaget's sensorimotor
stage? [ ANS: ] A: Object permanence.
, 2
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Q: What defines Piaget's formal operational stage? [ ANS: ] A:
Abstract, logical, and hypothetical reasoning.
Q: What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development? [ ANS: ] A:
The range of tasks a child can do with help but not alone.
Q: What does scaffolding mean in Vygotsky's theory? [ ANS: ] A:
Gradual support that is adjusted as a child becomes more
competent.
Q: How is the brain viewed in Information Processing theory? [
ANS: ] A: Like a computer — processing, storing, and retrieving
information.
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Scaffolding [ ANS: ] gradual withdrawal of support as skill builds.
Q: What is reinforcement according to Skinner? [ ANS: ] A: A
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consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior
repeating.
Q: What is the key factor in Bandura's theory of development? [
ANS: ] A: Behavior, environment, and cognition interact to shape
development.
Q: What is observational learning? [ ANS: ] A: Learning by
watching and imitating others.
Q: Which ecological system includes your school and family? [
ANS: ] A: Microsystem.
Q: What system involves cultural norms and laws? [ ANS: ] A:
Macrosystem.
Q: What kind of study observes without manipulating variables? [
ANS: ] A: Descriptive research.
Q: What is the main limitation of correlational research? [ ANS: ]
A: It cannot determine causation.
, 3
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Q: What does an experimental study manipulate? [ ANS: ] A: The
independent variable.
Q: Which study design compares different ages at one time? [
ANS: ] A: Cross-sectional.
Q: What type of study tracks the same people over many years? [
ANS: ] A: Longitudinal study.
*Q: What is genotype?* [ ANS: ] A: A person's genetic makeup.
*Q: What is phenotype?* [ ANS: ] A: The observable
characteristics expressed from the genotype.
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*Q: What is a dominant gene?* [ ANS: ] A: A gene that overrides
the influence of a recessive gene.
*Q: What is a recessive gene?* [ ANS: ] A: A gene that only shows
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if both alleles are recessive.
*Q: What is a teratogen?* [ ANS: ] A: Any agent that can cause a
birth defect.
*Q: What are the three stages of prenatal development?* [ ANS: ]
A: Germinal (0-2 weeks), Embryonic (2-8 weeks), Fetal (2 months-
birth).
*Q: What effects can alcohol have on a fetus?* [ ANS: ] A: Facial
deformities, limb and heart defects, and lower intelligence.
*Q: What is the cephalocaudal growth pattern?* [ ANS: ] A:
Growth starts at the head and works downward.
*Q: What is proximodistal growth?* [ ANS: ] A: Growth starts at the
center of the body and moves outward.
*Q: What is dynamic systems theory?* [ ANS: ] A: Motor
development is influenced by motivation and perception.
, 4
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*Q: What is object permanence?* [ ANS: ] A: Knowing that
objects still exist even when not seen.
*Q: What is assimilation?* [ ANS: ] A: Using existing schemes to
understand new info.
*Q: What is accommodation?* [ ANS: ] A: Adjusting schemes to fit
new experiences.
*Q: What is temperament?* [ ANS: ] A: An individual's emotional
style and response.
*Q: What is secure attachment?* [ ANS: ] A: Child uses caregiver
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as a base
*Q: What is insecure-avoidant attachment?* [ ANS: ] A: Child
avoids caregiver and shows little emotion on departure or return.
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*Q: What is egocentrism in early childhood?* [ ANS: ] A: Inability
to see others' perspectives.
*Q: What is animism?* [ ANS: ] A: Belief that inanimate objects
have lifelike qualities.
*Q: What is authoritative parenting?* [ ANS: ] A: High warmth and
control — encourages independence within limits.
*Q: What is conservation?* [ ANS: ] A: Understanding that
quantity doesn't change with appearance.
*Q: What is working memory?* [ ANS: ] A: The active
manipulation and use of information.
*Q: What are the 3 intelligences in Sternberg's theory?* [ ANS: ] A:
Analytical, Creative, Practical.
*Q: What is Kohlberg's preconventional stage?* [ ANS: ] A:
Morality based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
PSYC 2103 Final Exam Questions and
Answers (100% Correct Answers) Already
Graded A+
Q: What does it mean that development is "lifelong"? [ ANS: ] A: It
continues throughout the entire life, not ending in early adulthood.
Q: Give an example of multidirectional development. [ ANS: ] A:
A middle-aged person may lose physical strength but gain
wisdom.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Q: What are the three domains of development? [ ANS: ] A:
Biological, cognitive, socioemotional.
Q: Nature vs. Nurture debate refers to...? [ ANS: ] A: Whether
Guru01 - Stuvia
development is shaped more by genetics or environment.
Q: Stability vs. Change example? [ ANS: ] A: A person remains
introverted from childhood to adulthood (stability).
Q:What is the fixation at the oral stage according to Freud? [ ANS:
] A: Smoking, nail biting, overeating.
Q: What is the crisis in Erikson's 5th stage (12-20 years)? [ ANS: ] A:
Identity vs role confusion.
Q: How does Erikson's theory differ from Freud's? [ ANS: ] A: Erikson
focused on social development across the entire lifespan.
Q: What virtue is gained in Erikson's first stage? [ ANS: ] A: Hope.
Q: What happens if someone fails the "generativity vs stagnation"
stage? [ ANS: ] A: They feel unproductive and disconnected from
society.
Q: What cognitive milestone is developed in Piaget's sensorimotor
stage? [ ANS: ] A: Object permanence.
, 2
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Q: What defines Piaget's formal operational stage? [ ANS: ] A:
Abstract, logical, and hypothetical reasoning.
Q: What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development? [ ANS: ] A:
The range of tasks a child can do with help but not alone.
Q: What does scaffolding mean in Vygotsky's theory? [ ANS: ] A:
Gradual support that is adjusted as a child becomes more
competent.
Q: How is the brain viewed in Information Processing theory? [
ANS: ] A: Like a computer — processing, storing, and retrieving
information.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
Scaffolding [ ANS: ] gradual withdrawal of support as skill builds.
Q: What is reinforcement according to Skinner? [ ANS: ] A: A
Guru01 - Stuvia
consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior
repeating.
Q: What is the key factor in Bandura's theory of development? [
ANS: ] A: Behavior, environment, and cognition interact to shape
development.
Q: What is observational learning? [ ANS: ] A: Learning by
watching and imitating others.
Q: Which ecological system includes your school and family? [
ANS: ] A: Microsystem.
Q: What system involves cultural norms and laws? [ ANS: ] A:
Macrosystem.
Q: What kind of study observes without manipulating variables? [
ANS: ] A: Descriptive research.
Q: What is the main limitation of correlational research? [ ANS: ]
A: It cannot determine causation.
, 3
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
Q: What does an experimental study manipulate? [ ANS: ] A: The
independent variable.
Q: Which study design compares different ages at one time? [
ANS: ] A: Cross-sectional.
Q: What type of study tracks the same people over many years? [
ANS: ] A: Longitudinal study.
*Q: What is genotype?* [ ANS: ] A: A person's genetic makeup.
*Q: What is phenotype?* [ ANS: ] A: The observable
characteristics expressed from the genotype.
© 2025 Assignment Expert
*Q: What is a dominant gene?* [ ANS: ] A: A gene that overrides
the influence of a recessive gene.
*Q: What is a recessive gene?* [ ANS: ] A: A gene that only shows
Guru01 - Stuvia
if both alleles are recessive.
*Q: What is a teratogen?* [ ANS: ] A: Any agent that can cause a
birth defect.
*Q: What are the three stages of prenatal development?* [ ANS: ]
A: Germinal (0-2 weeks), Embryonic (2-8 weeks), Fetal (2 months-
birth).
*Q: What effects can alcohol have on a fetus?* [ ANS: ] A: Facial
deformities, limb and heart defects, and lower intelligence.
*Q: What is the cephalocaudal growth pattern?* [ ANS: ] A:
Growth starts at the head and works downward.
*Q: What is proximodistal growth?* [ ANS: ] A: Growth starts at the
center of the body and moves outward.
*Q: What is dynamic systems theory?* [ ANS: ] A: Motor
development is influenced by motivation and perception.
, 4
For Expert help and assignment solutions, +254707240657
*Q: What is object permanence?* [ ANS: ] A: Knowing that
objects still exist even when not seen.
*Q: What is assimilation?* [ ANS: ] A: Using existing schemes to
understand new info.
*Q: What is accommodation?* [ ANS: ] A: Adjusting schemes to fit
new experiences.
*Q: What is temperament?* [ ANS: ] A: An individual's emotional
style and response.
*Q: What is secure attachment?* [ ANS: ] A: Child uses caregiver
© 2025 Assignment Expert
as a base
*Q: What is insecure-avoidant attachment?* [ ANS: ] A: Child
avoids caregiver and shows little emotion on departure or return.
Guru01 - Stuvia
*Q: What is egocentrism in early childhood?* [ ANS: ] A: Inability
to see others' perspectives.
*Q: What is animism?* [ ANS: ] A: Belief that inanimate objects
have lifelike qualities.
*Q: What is authoritative parenting?* [ ANS: ] A: High warmth and
control — encourages independence within limits.
*Q: What is conservation?* [ ANS: ] A: Understanding that
quantity doesn't change with appearance.
*Q: What is working memory?* [ ANS: ] A: The active
manipulation and use of information.
*Q: What are the 3 intelligences in Sternberg's theory?* [ ANS: ] A:
Analytical, Creative, Practical.
*Q: What is Kohlberg's preconventional stage?* [ ANS: ] A:
Morality based on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards.
