WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236 EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS

WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236 EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS “Describe how your body responds to an infection. - CORRECT ANSWER T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies." "Lyme disease - CORRECT ANSWER Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi." "Erythema infectiosum - CORRECT ANSWER a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"" "Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - CORRECT ANSWER Spina bifida" "Trousseau's sign - CORRECT ANSWER arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia" "Cause and sign of spina bifida - CORRECT ANSWER results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back." "hemophilia is more common in - CORRECT ANSWER males" "Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - CORRECT ANSWER ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS" "basal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure" "squamous cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules." "Melanoma - CORRECT ANSWER The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion" "consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - CORRECT ANSWER impaired immunity" "types of burns - CORRECT ANSWER Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain" "Viltigo - CORRECT ANSWER localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches" "ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - CORRECT ANSWER ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood" "subdural hematoma - CORRECT ANSWER collection of blood under the dura mater" "endocaritis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the inner lining of the heart" "peridcarditis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)" "benign vs malignant hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention. malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release" "communicable disease - CORRECT ANSWER A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another." "infectious disease - CORRECT ANSWER A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another." "myocardial infarction causes damage to - CORRECT ANSWER arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys." "what is expected in right sided heart falure - CORRECT ANSWER JVD" "what characterizes hypertensive crisis - CORRECT ANSWER systolic BP 180" "renal calculi (kidney stones) - CORRECT ANSWER -Minerals in urine crystallize -Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter" "Cholecystitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)" "GERD cause - CORRECT ANSWER failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close" "pancreatitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone blocks common bile duct" "Chron's disease - CORRECT ANSWER A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight loss" "Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - CORRECT ANSWER rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure" "Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - CORRECT ANSWER a complication of diabetes that is caused by having too little insulin; also called hyperglycemia. can cause cerebral edema; lipolysis with ketone formation is a hallmark." "causes of diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER type 1: beta cells in pancreas are destroyed (autoimmune) type 2: overweight, body becomes insulin resistant gestational: hormones during pregnancy cause glucose levels to rise" "diabetes insipidus (DI) - CORRECT ANSWER antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH" "acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland" "Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANSWER (Remember: *UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP*) - HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia" "Gonorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by a gonococcus bacterium that causes inflammation of the genital mucous membrane, PID, burning pain when urinating, and a discharge" "polycystic ovary syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles; elevated levels of androgens; s/s: infertility, irregular periods, hirsutism, insulin restistance" "which STIs can be passed via birth canal - CORRECT ANSWER gonorrhea, chlamydia" "endometriosis - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity" "Triple negative breast cancer - CORRECT ANSWER patients lack estrogen and progesterone receptors, do not respond to hormone therapy (only chemo)" "Antiandrogen therapy - CORRECT ANSWER (Spironolactone or flutamide) causes lack of testosterone erectyle dysfunction or decreased bone density or hotflashes" "Cullen's sign - CORRECT ANSWER ecchymosis in umbilical area, seen with pancreatitis" "What is a pulmonary embolism? What is a fat embolism? When might a patient develop a pulmonary embolism? When might a patient develop a fat embolism? How are they treated? - CORRECT ANSWER Pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot is lodge in a pulmonary artery, usually caused by a traveling clot getting lodged. A fat embolism is when a clot of fat cells disrupts blood flow, usually after a bone fracture. PEs are treated with anticoagulants to thin the blood, while there is no specific treatment for FEs." "Describe Albinism. What portions of the body are negatively affected by Albinism? - CORRECT ANSWER It is an alteration in a gene that has decreased pigment to skin, hair, and eyes." "Describe how retinal detachment leads to vision loss. - CORRECT ANSWER The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working, causing you to lose vision." "Name two biomarkers that can be used to confirm a myocardial infarction occurred and what types of molecules are they? - CORRECT ANSWER troponin, creatine kinase" "What is lymph - CORRECT ANSWER fluid that flows in lymphatic system to return fluid from tissues into circulation" "What does Neurobehavioral Congenital Abnormality (ND-PAE) result from? - CORRECT ANSWER Prenatal exposure to alcohol" "Which developmental defect occurs in spina bifida? - CORRECT ANSWER Failure of the neural tube to close results in a fluid filled sac on the lower back." "How does the spine appear in an individual with kyphosis? - CORRECT ANSWER An outward curvature of the spine, resulting in a hunchbacked appearance" "Julia was learning to roller skate after receiving the skates for her sixth birthday. She fell and outstretched her arm with her wrist flexed to break her fall. Her X-ray revealed a fracture that extended partway through the radius, but not all the way through the bone. What type of fracture did Julia sustain? - CORRECT ANSWER A greenstick fracture" "Leo is a 62-year-old auto mechanic and presents with pain in his hands. The pain is the worst when he wakes up. Last month, he took a week of vacation and reported that the pain subsided. He does not have any other systemic symptoms, and his white blood cell count is normal. Physical exam shows prominent Heberden and Bouchard nodes. - CORRECT ANSWER Osteoarthritis" "Paula has a successful business as a painter with additional expertise in hanging wallpaper. She is having a lot of shoulder pain. It is difficult for her to complete her work, which requires her to lift and reach with her arms repetitively throughout the day. She also notices that she struggles to unhook her bra strap. Paula's doctor explains that there is a fluid filled sac that normally allows the joint to move smoothly and without pain. Paula's sac is inflamed and causing her symptoms. - CORRECT ANSWER Bursitis" "A fair-skinned client presents to the clinic with a growth on the left forehead. The growth is a shiny, translucent dome about 3 mm in diameter with a telangiectasia present. Which diagnosis is most likely? - CORRECT ANSWER Basal cell carcinoma" "An older adult patient presents to the emergency department after dropping a pot of boiling water onto their feet. The skin on the patient's left foot is white with profound swelling of the ankle. The patient denies significant pain. What is the most likely classification of this burn? - CORRECT ANSWER Full thickness" "A provider is teaching a group of older adults about cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). When discussing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), what is correct information for the provider to share? - CORRECT ANSWER A transient ischemic attack occurs when a clot forms in a blood vessel in the brain, but the body naturally dissolves it within 24 hours." "A provider is working with a patient who is recovering from a subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a cerebral aneurysm. The patient asks the provider to explain what happened. What is the best response by the provider? - CORRECT ANSWER "An artery in your brain had a weakened area, which ruptured, causing bleeding into your brain."" "The provider is caring for a client who reports experiencing episodes of muscle weakness, accompanied by profound fatigue and blurry vision. Which diagnosis is most consistent with these signs? - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple sclerosis" "A provider is caring for a patient with impaired vision due to glaucoma. When asking the patient to describe their vision, what does the provider anticipate hearing? - CORRECT ANSWER "I can see things in front of me okay, but I have to turn my head to see anything in the periphery of my vision."" "What term describes a weakening of the arterial wall resulting in a bulge outward? - CORRECT ANSWER Aneurysm" "The provider is reviewing a pts electrocardiogram and note that the pt is experiencing cardiac dysrhythmia. Why is a cardiac dysrhythmia a concern? - CORRECT ANSWER Cardiac dysrhythmias decrease the ability of the heart to pump effectively. Cardiac dysrhythmias, cause a loss of the natural pumping sequence of the heart, resulting in low cardiac output." "What is the term for infection of the cardiac endothelium? - CORRECT ANSWER Endocarditis" "A pt presents to the clinic with a bp of 178/92mmHg. When repeated 10mins later the pt's blood pressure is 176/96mmHg. The pt denies experiencing a headache, chest pain or visual disturbances. What is the pt experiencing? - CORRECT ANSWER Hypertension stage two •the pts BP meets criteria for stage 2 (BP140mmHg, diastolic 90mmHg)" "A patient was recently diagnosed with HIV and asked the provider to explain the concept of immunodeficiency, and how it is caused by HIV. What is the response by the provider? - CORRECT ANSWER The virus targets your CD4 cells. Without thesr cells, your immune system has a hard time fighting off infection" "A patient is diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When evaluating a complete blood cell count, what does the provider expect to see and why? - CORRECT ANSWER A low red blood cell count •because the cancerous lymphoblast, crowd out healthy bone marrow tissue." "Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - CORRECT ANSWER Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities" "How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWER Alterations of DNA" "Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - CORRECT ANSWER (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias." "Explain RAAS - CORRECT ANSWER Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin produce angiotensin I converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II vasoconstriction release aldosterone kidneys conserve sodium and water Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained." "DKA - CORRECT ANSWER increased anion gap, decreased HCO3" "How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER retain H and excrete HCO3" "Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - CORRECT ANSWER Potassium" "West Nile Virus - CORRECT ANSWER Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck" "Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - CORRECT ANSWER Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia" "Describe Lupus - CORRECT ANSWER Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash" "Describe Myasthenia Gravis - CORRECT ANSWER It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing." "dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the skin" "eczema - CORRECT ANSWER noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching" "decubitus ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER sore caused by lying down for long periods of time" "Fungal infections - CORRECT ANSWER superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores may or may not be transmitted" "benign neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders" "malignant neoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads" "Osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured." "osteomalacia - CORRECT ANSWER disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency" "myoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells" "Bursa - CORRECT ANSWER fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another" "Rickets - CORRECT ANSWER a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones" "Degenerative disk disease - CORRECT ANSWER A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging" "Paget disease - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull" "communiuted fracture - CORRECT ANSWER splintered into many pieces" "Three types of skin cancer - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Melanoma" "Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - CORRECT ANSWER Alz - affects language and memory Park - affects all executive functioning" "Huntington's disease - CORRECT ANSWER Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement" "Sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal condition of hardening" "disorders that cause vision loss - CORRECT ANSWER glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision" "kyphosis - CORRECT ANSWER excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back." "disorders that cause hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection" "Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - CORRECT ANSWER a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis" "rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts." "cerebral contusion - CORRECT ANSWER the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v." "TIA vs CVA - CORRECT ANSWER TIA = -result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain Stroke= artery completely blocked leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions" "multiple sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech" "aneurysm - CORRECT ANSWER ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall" "thrombus vs embolus - CORRECT ANSWER Thrombus = clot in arteries embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow" "Artherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques helial injury cell formation streak formation" "angina pectoris - CORRECT ANSWER chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle" "myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)" "types of anemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production) - Iron Deficiency - Folic Acid Deficiency - Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious - Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced) - Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)" "Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - CORRECT ANSWER bone marrow" "CD4 cells - CORRECT ANSWER Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity" "Hodgkin's lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells" "Lymphocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic" "Stable angina - CORRECT ANSWER predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin" "Upper respiratory tract infection - CORRECT ANSWER common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis" "lower respiratory tract infection - CORRECT ANSWER pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis" "conditions that lead to COPD - CORRECT ANSWER smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics" "pnemonia - CORRECT ANSWER an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi." "Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD" "pneumothorax - CORRECT ANSWER air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall" "cor pulmonale - CORRECT ANSWER right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease" "Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis - CORRECT ANSWER Carbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis('black lung')" "common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders - CORRECT ANSWER (Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v...." "common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders - CORRECT ANSWER (GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v" "pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli)" "glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness" "renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump" "end-stage renal disease (ESRD) - CORRECT ANSWER any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS" "Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) - CORRECT ANSWER method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day slower shift in electrolytes" "ulcerative colitis - CORRECT ANSWER chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases" "Diverticulitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy." "organ targeted by virus that causes hep c - CORRECT ANSWER liver" "Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads - CORRECT ANSWER A and E - fecal/oral BCD - blood, bodily fluids" "Colon cancer symptoms/signs? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Right sided - iron deficiency anemia 2. Left sided - obstruction 3. "Apple core" lesion on barium enema 4. Pencil thin stools 5. Hematochezia (bright red blood) 6. Colicky pain 6. Partial obstruction" "risk factors for renal cancer - CORRECT ANSWER smoking, overweight, HTN" "risk factors for bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Smoking**, occupational exposure to dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, 40 y/o, hx of urologic disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history of pelvic irradiation" "GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - CORRECT ANSWER used to stage chronic renal disease" "common characteristics of endocrine system disorders - CORRECT ANSWER dark skin spots, low BP, fatigue, n/v/d" "common treatments for prostate and testicular cancers - CORRECT ANSWER orchiectomy or radiation" "pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; symptoms: pain in pelvis, abd, vagina, during sex, during urination, cramps, vaginal dischrge/odor" "Thyroid cancer - CORRECT ANSWER Papillary carcinoma, lump in neck - dysphagia, voice changes" "Graves disease - CORRECT ANSWER an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos. Other symptoms/signs: tachycardia, thick patch of skin on legs, protruding eyes, weight-loss, insomnia" "Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal -T3 and T4 are low, but TSH high. chronic fatigue, brittle nails, constipation" "anemia can cause - CORRECT ANSWER pelvic pain, menorrhagia, constipation, uterine leiomyomas" "epididymitis - CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder or by chlamadia" "Chlamydia - CORRECT ANSWER A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females; male symptoms include penile discharge, uncomfortable walking" "Cryotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER using cold for therapeutic purposes, used for prostate therapy" "Explain Starling's Law of Capillary Forces and how it causes edema. - CORRECT ANSWER Starling's hypothesis states that the fluid movement due to filtration across the wall of a capillary is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the pressure gradient across the capillary. This causes edema by the retention of water in the tissues instead of vascular system." "Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood? - CORRECT ANSWER glucose is used for energy and is not synthesized by the brain, so it is needed to maintain brain/motor functions" "Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Type 1- The body's immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin (typically in kids/ teens) Type 2- "insulin resistance" - when cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin." "Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT ANSWER Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is general and non-specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated." "Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain? Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response. - CORRECT ANSWER Our body first releases cytokines which produce inflammatory cells or chemokines directly to the affected area to stimulate healing. Vasodilation occurs simultaneously to facilitate quicker and easier movement of inflammatory cells to the area." "Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the parents (eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease) - CORRECT ANSWER in two heterozygous (two different gene sets) carriers (one dominant and one recessive gene) creates a 50% chance outcome of offspring having sickle cell disease" "Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together to maintain normal blood calcium levels. - CORRECT ANSWER calcitonin and PTH work oppositely to balance calcium. the three work together to shift calcium into bones, organs and blood" "Describe the function of osteocytes within lacunae of bone - CORRECT ANSWER Osteocytes maintain bone mass through anabolic activities; they promote bone repair through recruitment of osteoclast mediated turnover" "Describe bone remodeling. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? - CORRECT ANSWER osteoclasts destroy old, degenerative cells to make room for new ones. osteoblasts build new bone cells. osteocytes facilitate this process and help retain calcium for bone strength and health." "Describe the process of articular degeneration. Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? - CORRECT ANSWER articular degeneration is also known as osteoarthritis. macrophages are the primary cell involved, and they induce inflammation." "How does denosumab treat osteoporosis? - CORRECT ANSWER Denosumab is an antibody that slows down the natural rate your bones are broken down. It works by blocking a protein and suppressing the cells that break down bone." "How does compartment syndrome develop? Which part of our body tends to develop compartment syndrome? How do patients typically recognize they may need to seek medical assistance for rhabdomyolysis? What is the most sensitive laboratory test for rhabdomyolosis? - CORRECT ANSWER Compartment syndrome occurs when blood flow is restricted to area for an extended period of time. It usually develops in extremities. Patients recognize rhabdo by new muscle pain and decreased urinary output, and is detected by creatine kinase in the blood." "What are lymph nodes? - CORRECT ANSWER Filter interstitial fluid. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection" "What are Peyer's patches? - CORRECT ANSWER the numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine that are involved in the development of immunity to antigens present there." "What is the difference between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - CORRECT ANSWER If the Reed-Sternberg cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as non-Hodgkin's." "Emphysema (COPD) - CORRECT ANSWER Overdistention of alveoli resulting in the ability to remove CO2 is called" "COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - CORRECT ANSWER disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath" "What are the three types of jaundice that may present as a result of liver dysfunction? Describe the cause of each. - CORRECT ANSWER pre-hepatic: excessive breakdown of RBCs. hepatic: loss of ability of liver to regular billirubin. post-hepatic: due to blockage or obstruction" "Describe the function(s) of the following parts of a nephron: glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, juxtaglomerular apparatus, proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. - CORRECT ANSWER glomerulus filters blood. Bowman's capsule filters blood from glomerulus capillaries. juxtaglomerular apparatus helps maintain proper flow and blood pressure. proximal tubule reabsorbs filtrate. Loop of Henle reabsorbs salt and water from urine. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct both reabsorb ions and water and promote homeostasis." "endocarditis vs pericarditis - CORRECT ANSWER endo- inflammation inside heart causing valves to not fully close - usually due to infection - treatment: abx, valve repair; peri- inflammation outside of heart causes heart to be compressed and not fully pump - from too much fluid / blood surrounding heart from trauma or heart attack - treatment: NSAIDs + steroids, pericardiocentesis. both have same signs/symptoms: low oxygen and chest pain" "Hypervalemia - CORRECT ANSWER fluid volume excess s/s: muscle/chest pain, weakness, n/v, palpitations" "Hypernatremia - CORRECT ANSWER high sodium: S (Skin flushed) A (agitation) L (low grade fever ) T (thirst)" What is the role of helper T cells? - CORRECT ANSWER They produce cytokines, which serve to help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells." "Red-green color blindness affects males more often than females. Men inherit the disease from their mother's side of the family. What is red-green colorblindness? - CORRECT ANSWER Sex linked"