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Class notes college 10: Dyspnea

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Class notes college 10: Dyspnea

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Uploaded on
January 22, 2021
Number of pages
22
Written in
2018/2019
Type
Class notes
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Von leupoldt
Contains
College 10

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BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF DYSPNEA

DYSPNEA = BREATHLESSNESS

= ademnood:

- Vital sign that there is a need to get oxygen into body
- Disturbence in the system: we need to take action

Cardinal symptom in many (prevalent) diseases, e.g.:

- Respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, …)
- Cardiovascular and neuromuscular diseases
- Psychological disorders (panic, anxiety, psychosomatic)

à Aversive and highly threatening character
à High psychological burden
à Reduced quality of life
à High socio-economic burden

„… a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct
sensations that vary in intensity.
à Impossible to measure it objectively
à Always something a person perceives (pain is also a subjective sensation)

The experience derives from interactions among multiple physiological, psychological, social,
and environmental factors...“
à All factors can lead and shape symptoms of breathlessness

A lot of ways to describe dyspnea by patients:

- Chest tightness
- Fast/heavy breathing
- Shallow breathing
- Air hunger/suffocation
- Effort/work of breathing




1

, - Chemoreceptors:
o In brainstem or near the heart
o Pick info up about O2/CO2 levels in blood
o If they see that there is too much CO2, then they can initiate faster breathing
to get rid of the CO2
- Mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical stimulation (breathing in/out very fast,
deep breath (stretch receptors, pick up stretch and send info to brain))

Why does feeling of dyspnea happen?

- Afferent mismatch: brainstem sends info to respiratory muscles to move à verwacht
feedback v de spieren + v mechanoreceptoren over het werk dat ze doen à
hersenen zeggen adem veel en ze verwachten feedback à als er maar een beetje
feedback komt denken hersenen dat het niet genoeg is à gevoel v dyspnea
- Corollary discharge: uitgaande motorcommando’s v hersenstam naar
ademhalingsstelsel à er zijn collaterals die naar sensory cortex areas gaan à als er
veel uitgaande commando’s zijn, dan ook veel signalen naar sensory cortices à
voelen dat er veel aan de hand is, dus er zal wel dyspnea zijn
- à Niet duidelijk wat waar is over hogere processn




2

, - Niet unidimensioneel
- Kan gesplit w à brede differiantie in intensiteit en sensorische dimensie v ademnood
en affectieve component (onaangenaamheid, de manier waarop het ons
ongemakkelijk maakt)
- Beide systemen zijn gerelateerd aan andere hersengebieden
- Unpleasantness (affective): important component which motivates patients to seak
help, take medications, take treatment
à ook gevoelig voor interactie tussen bodily en psychosocial influences

à Important for motivating patient behavior (treatment adherence, medication use, seeking
professional help, activity, etc.)
à Particularly vulnerable for psychological influences

Healthy Adults




- Inhalatie met resistors: moeilijk maken om lucht te krijgen (kleiner gat is moeilijk
lucht te krijgen)
- W moeilijk gemaakt waardoor je meer moeite moet doen om te ademen
- Dan raten ze intensity & unpleasantness (hoe erg ze het disliken)
- Resultaat: Stronger increase in dyspnea unpleasantness than intensity




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