NUR 121 Exam 1
Comprehensive Questions with
Verified Answers Graded A+
*Neurovascular Assessment* - Answer: *6 p's (pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, pressure,
paralysis)
Peripheral vascular:
-Color/temperature -Pulses
-Capillary refill -Edema
Peripheral neurologic:
-Sensation and motor function -Pain
Immunity - Answer: protection from disease or illness maintained by the physiological defense
mechanisms
Ex: skin, WBC, mucus membranes
Inflammation - Answer: a localized response to an injury, allergy, or pathogen; first line of
protection, providing immediate protection; causes visible symptoms and tissue damage if
excessive; *does not always mean infection is present
What two components are critical in maintaining health and preventing disease? - Answer:
immunity and inflammation
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) - Answer: on the surface of most somatic cells; determines
the tissue type of a person; "lock and key" recognition and self-tolerance
,Parts of the Immune System - Answer: WBCs, Stem cells, other body systems
(nervous/endocrine/GI)
Factors that Effect Immunity in Older Adults - Answer: Nutrition, Meds, pre-existing conditions
*immunity is ↓
Infection - Answer: response to tissue injury; usually triggers inflammation but not all the time
Neutrophils - Answer: bacteria fighters; phagocytosis
Macrophages - Answer: phagocytosis; stimulate long lasting immunity
Basophils - Answer: act of blood vessels; excrete heparin/histamine/serotonin
Eosinophils - Answer: fight against parasites
5 Steps of Inflammation - Answer: 1. Warmth
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. ↓ func.
Stages of Inflammation - Answer: 1. Vascular (constriction then hyperemia/edema)
2. Cellular Exudate from neutrophils
3. Tissue Repair from WBCS thru angiogenesis
,Acquire Immunity - Answer: second line of immunity; specific and long-term resistance to
microorganisms
Agglutination - Answer: ↑ action of macrophages and neutrophils
Active Immunity - Answer: when antigen enters body and makes specific antibodies against the
antigen
Natural Active Immunity - Answer: *most effective and long lasting
Artificial Active Immunity - Answer: vaccines/immunizations to prevent fatal illnesses
Passive Immunity - Answer: short-term; antibodies transferred from another human/animal
after its made in their body
Natural Passive Immunity - Answer: mom to baby; acquired through placenta/breastfeeding
Artificial Passive Immunity - Answer: given to prevent rabies/tetanus/COVID
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) - Answer: involves WBCs; watches to attack any foreign cells;
able to differentiate self v. nonself; prevents development of cancer after exposure to
carcinogens; total immunocompetence-CMI must function optimally
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection - Answer: immediate; widespread phagocytosis and lost of
clotting; need to remove it and use a different transplant
Acute Transplant Rejection - Answer: weeks-months; (ex: back pain from kidney transplant);
, CI: chronic inflammatory diseases/unable to follow med regimen
Antirejection Medications - Answer: Maintenance therapy: Prednisone, cyclosporine,
azathioprine --> immunosuppressants
Rescue therapy: (acute) monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies
Chronic Transplant Rejection - Answer: chronic inflammation and scarring of transplant with
some function
Transplant Rejection Teaching - Answer: ↑ risk for infection/cancer development w/
immunosuppressants longterm
General Autoimmunity - Answer: antibodies/lymphocytes turn on itself and attacks own healthy
cells; disorders are common, chronic, progressive, self-perpetuating
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Answer: chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder;
tissue integrity lost --> organ failure --> death; spontaneous exacerbations; caused by strong
genetic connection, triggers (infection/injury/meds/hormones/env exposures); women>men,
blacks>whites
SLE Assessment - Answer: Hx, "butterfly" rash (red facial rash), photosensitivity, chronic lesions
on mucous membranes, nonerosive arthritis (joint swelling chronically), psychosocial-
fear/anxiety/coping mechanisms
*fever=exacerbation
SLE Diagnostics - Answer: Labs: ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)/Serum complement C3/C4
assessing inflammation, ANAs/antibodies (rule out SLE), blood/urine tests (for any renal
involvement)
Comprehensive Questions with
Verified Answers Graded A+
*Neurovascular Assessment* - Answer: *6 p's (pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulselessness, pressure,
paralysis)
Peripheral vascular:
-Color/temperature -Pulses
-Capillary refill -Edema
Peripheral neurologic:
-Sensation and motor function -Pain
Immunity - Answer: protection from disease or illness maintained by the physiological defense
mechanisms
Ex: skin, WBC, mucus membranes
Inflammation - Answer: a localized response to an injury, allergy, or pathogen; first line of
protection, providing immediate protection; causes visible symptoms and tissue damage if
excessive; *does not always mean infection is present
What two components are critical in maintaining health and preventing disease? - Answer:
immunity and inflammation
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) - Answer: on the surface of most somatic cells; determines
the tissue type of a person; "lock and key" recognition and self-tolerance
,Parts of the Immune System - Answer: WBCs, Stem cells, other body systems
(nervous/endocrine/GI)
Factors that Effect Immunity in Older Adults - Answer: Nutrition, Meds, pre-existing conditions
*immunity is ↓
Infection - Answer: response to tissue injury; usually triggers inflammation but not all the time
Neutrophils - Answer: bacteria fighters; phagocytosis
Macrophages - Answer: phagocytosis; stimulate long lasting immunity
Basophils - Answer: act of blood vessels; excrete heparin/histamine/serotonin
Eosinophils - Answer: fight against parasites
5 Steps of Inflammation - Answer: 1. Warmth
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. ↓ func.
Stages of Inflammation - Answer: 1. Vascular (constriction then hyperemia/edema)
2. Cellular Exudate from neutrophils
3. Tissue Repair from WBCS thru angiogenesis
,Acquire Immunity - Answer: second line of immunity; specific and long-term resistance to
microorganisms
Agglutination - Answer: ↑ action of macrophages and neutrophils
Active Immunity - Answer: when antigen enters body and makes specific antibodies against the
antigen
Natural Active Immunity - Answer: *most effective and long lasting
Artificial Active Immunity - Answer: vaccines/immunizations to prevent fatal illnesses
Passive Immunity - Answer: short-term; antibodies transferred from another human/animal
after its made in their body
Natural Passive Immunity - Answer: mom to baby; acquired through placenta/breastfeeding
Artificial Passive Immunity - Answer: given to prevent rabies/tetanus/COVID
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) - Answer: involves WBCs; watches to attack any foreign cells;
able to differentiate self v. nonself; prevents development of cancer after exposure to
carcinogens; total immunocompetence-CMI must function optimally
Hyperacute Transplant Rejection - Answer: immediate; widespread phagocytosis and lost of
clotting; need to remove it and use a different transplant
Acute Transplant Rejection - Answer: weeks-months; (ex: back pain from kidney transplant);
, CI: chronic inflammatory diseases/unable to follow med regimen
Antirejection Medications - Answer: Maintenance therapy: Prednisone, cyclosporine,
azathioprine --> immunosuppressants
Rescue therapy: (acute) monoclonal/polyclonal antibodies
Chronic Transplant Rejection - Answer: chronic inflammation and scarring of transplant with
some function
Transplant Rejection Teaching - Answer: ↑ risk for infection/cancer development w/
immunosuppressants longterm
General Autoimmunity - Answer: antibodies/lymphocytes turn on itself and attacks own healthy
cells; disorders are common, chronic, progressive, self-perpetuating
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Answer: chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder;
tissue integrity lost --> organ failure --> death; spontaneous exacerbations; caused by strong
genetic connection, triggers (infection/injury/meds/hormones/env exposures); women>men,
blacks>whites
SLE Assessment - Answer: Hx, "butterfly" rash (red facial rash), photosensitivity, chronic lesions
on mucous membranes, nonerosive arthritis (joint swelling chronically), psychosocial-
fear/anxiety/coping mechanisms
*fever=exacerbation
SLE Diagnostics - Answer: Labs: ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)/Serum complement C3/C4
assessing inflammation, ANAs/antibodies (rule out SLE), blood/urine tests (for any renal
involvement)
