SOCIOLOGY 225 CRIMINOLOGY
MIDTERM 1 EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Criminology - ANS The body of knowledge regarding crimes as a social phenomenon.
Includes process of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting to the breaking of laws.
6 Disciplines of Criminology - ANS Definition of Crime and Criminals, Origins and Role of the
Law, Social Distribution of Crime, Causation of Crime, Patterns of Criminal Behaviour, Societal
Reaction to Crime.
Crime is Socially Defined - ANS Every crime is legitimate under certain circumstances. Society
determines what is criminal and what is not.
Crime is Relative (In Time) - ANS As society changes, so do laws.
Actus Reus - ANS All of the other elements that must be proved by the crown. Guilty Act.
3 components of Actus Reus - ANS Conduct, Surrounding Circumstances, Consequences of
the voluntary act.
Mens Rea - ANS Mental elements contained in the criminal offence. Guilty Mind.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Subjective Mens Rea - ANS Based on a determination of what actually went on in the
accused's mind.
Forms of Subjective Mens Rea - ANS Intention and Knowledge, Recklessness, Wilful
Blindness.
Objective Mens Rea - ANS Whether a reasonable person with the same knowledge as the
accused, would appreciate the risk and take steps to avoid committing the act.
Defences to a Criminal Charge - ANS Mental Disorder (NCRMD), Mistake of Fact, Intoxication,
Provocation, Necessity, Duress, Self-Defence
Mental Disorder (NCRMD) - ANS Must be proved that the accused lacked the capacity to
appreciate the nature and quality of the act or omission or unable to know that it would be
considered morally wrong by the average Canadian.
Mistake of Fact - ANS The accused acts under the influence of an honest mistake and did not
believe the actions were criminal.
Intoxication - ANS Caused by drugs/alcohol, may be a defence if it prevents the accused from
forming the intent required for a specific intent offence, such as murder or robbery.
Provocation - ANS Only a partial defence, may be raised when the accused is charged with
murder. Can only be lessened from murder to manslaughter. Will only be lessened if the
accused killed "in the heat of the passion caused by sudden provocation".
Necessity - ANS When the accused can avoid some disaster only be breaking the law.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
MIDTERM 1 EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Criminology - ANS The body of knowledge regarding crimes as a social phenomenon.
Includes process of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting to the breaking of laws.
6 Disciplines of Criminology - ANS Definition of Crime and Criminals, Origins and Role of the
Law, Social Distribution of Crime, Causation of Crime, Patterns of Criminal Behaviour, Societal
Reaction to Crime.
Crime is Socially Defined - ANS Every crime is legitimate under certain circumstances. Society
determines what is criminal and what is not.
Crime is Relative (In Time) - ANS As society changes, so do laws.
Actus Reus - ANS All of the other elements that must be proved by the crown. Guilty Act.
3 components of Actus Reus - ANS Conduct, Surrounding Circumstances, Consequences of
the voluntary act.
Mens Rea - ANS Mental elements contained in the criminal offence. Guilty Mind.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Subjective Mens Rea - ANS Based on a determination of what actually went on in the
accused's mind.
Forms of Subjective Mens Rea - ANS Intention and Knowledge, Recklessness, Wilful
Blindness.
Objective Mens Rea - ANS Whether a reasonable person with the same knowledge as the
accused, would appreciate the risk and take steps to avoid committing the act.
Defences to a Criminal Charge - ANS Mental Disorder (NCRMD), Mistake of Fact, Intoxication,
Provocation, Necessity, Duress, Self-Defence
Mental Disorder (NCRMD) - ANS Must be proved that the accused lacked the capacity to
appreciate the nature and quality of the act or omission or unable to know that it would be
considered morally wrong by the average Canadian.
Mistake of Fact - ANS The accused acts under the influence of an honest mistake and did not
believe the actions were criminal.
Intoxication - ANS Caused by drugs/alcohol, may be a defence if it prevents the accused from
forming the intent required for a specific intent offence, such as murder or robbery.
Provocation - ANS Only a partial defence, may be raised when the accused is charged with
murder. Can only be lessened from murder to manslaughter. Will only be lessened if the
accused killed "in the heat of the passion caused by sudden provocation".
Necessity - ANS When the accused can avoid some disaster only be breaking the law.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
