Endocrinology - Introduction to Endocrine System
1. Where are neurotransmitters released and their function?: - released by axon terminals
of neurons
- act locally in synaptic junctions
- control nerve cell functions
2. What are endocrine hormones released by and their function?: - released by glands
or specialized cells
- enter circulating blood and influence target cells at distant locations in the body
3. What are neuroendocrine hormones released by and their function?: - secreted
by neurons
- enter the circulating blood and influence target cells at distant locations in the body
4. What are paracrines secreted by and what do they affect?: - secreted by cells into the
extracellular fluid
- affect neighboring target cells of a different type
5. What are autocrines secreted by and what do they affect?: - secreted by cells into
,extracellular fluid
- affect the function of the same cells that produced them
6. What are cytokines secreted by and what do they affect?: - secreted by cells into
extracellular fluid
- can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormoens
7. Describe the typical pathway beginning with a stimulus.: 1. stimulus
2. endocrine cell
3. hormone released into the blood
4. reaches target cell
5. response is completed
6. feedback affects original stimulus
8. Describe the negative feedback loop that occurs when an individual eats food,
resulting in rising blood glucose level.: 1. Stimulus: eating food results in rising blood glucose level
2. high blood glucose level is detected by insulin-secreting cells of pancreas
3. pancreas secretes the hormone insulin in response to high blood glucose levels
4. insulin causes liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
AND
insulin stimulates other body cells to take up glucose
, 5. as body cells take up blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline
6. return to homeostatic blood glucose level and insulin release stops
9. Describe the positive feedback loop that occurs during breastfeeding.: 1. Stim-
ulus: baby suckles at breast
2. sends impulses to hypothalamus
3. hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
4. oxytocin released into blood stimulates milk ejection from breast
5. milk is released
6. baby feeds and continues suckling, providing continued simulus
10. What are amine hormones made of and where are they released from?: - amino
acids with modified groups
Released from:
- adrenal medulla
- thyroid
- pineal glands
11. What are peptide hormones composed of?: - short chains of linked amino acids
12. What are protein hormones composed of?: - long chains of linked amino acids
1. Where are neurotransmitters released and their function?: - released by axon terminals
of neurons
- act locally in synaptic junctions
- control nerve cell functions
2. What are endocrine hormones released by and their function?: - released by glands
or specialized cells
- enter circulating blood and influence target cells at distant locations in the body
3. What are neuroendocrine hormones released by and their function?: - secreted
by neurons
- enter the circulating blood and influence target cells at distant locations in the body
4. What are paracrines secreted by and what do they affect?: - secreted by cells into the
extracellular fluid
- affect neighboring target cells of a different type
5. What are autocrines secreted by and what do they affect?: - secreted by cells into
,extracellular fluid
- affect the function of the same cells that produced them
6. What are cytokines secreted by and what do they affect?: - secreted by cells into
extracellular fluid
- can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormoens
7. Describe the typical pathway beginning with a stimulus.: 1. stimulus
2. endocrine cell
3. hormone released into the blood
4. reaches target cell
5. response is completed
6. feedback affects original stimulus
8. Describe the negative feedback loop that occurs when an individual eats food,
resulting in rising blood glucose level.: 1. Stimulus: eating food results in rising blood glucose level
2. high blood glucose level is detected by insulin-secreting cells of pancreas
3. pancreas secretes the hormone insulin in response to high blood glucose levels
4. insulin causes liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
AND
insulin stimulates other body cells to take up glucose
, 5. as body cells take up blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline
6. return to homeostatic blood glucose level and insulin release stops
9. Describe the positive feedback loop that occurs during breastfeeding.: 1. Stim-
ulus: baby suckles at breast
2. sends impulses to hypothalamus
3. hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin
4. oxytocin released into blood stimulates milk ejection from breast
5. milk is released
6. baby feeds and continues suckling, providing continued simulus
10. What are amine hormones made of and where are they released from?: - amino
acids with modified groups
Released from:
- adrenal medulla
- thyroid
- pineal glands
11. What are peptide hormones composed of?: - short chains of linked amino acids
12. What are protein hormones composed of?: - long chains of linked amino acids
