Science Medicine Urology
NR 507 Patho Final
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Ch 54: Possible Testicular Mass- Pai... Jarvis Exam 3 1ST SEM | WEEK 7 KEY TERM
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Renal System ...
Urinary Tract pre-quiz Q's ....
1. Filtration and collection
1. What are the two main functions
of the kidney Review diagram for
anatomical structures
Women are at a higher risk for the True
development of a UTI because of
having a shorter urethra. True/False
Which of the following can help to Increase water consumption
prevent a UTI?
Increase water consumption
Use spermicides during sexual
intercourse
Taking more Vitamin D
Douching to prevent the growth of
bacteria
,A symptom of a lower urinary tract Urgency
infection includes:
Fever
Flank pain
Urgency
Decreased Urination
Which of the following is true Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
regarding a complicated urinary
tract infection?
It is usually asymptomatic
Can be caused by a structural
urinary tract disorder
Bacteria are located mostly in the
lower urinary tract
Is associated with young adults
Which of the following is a risk Pregnancy
factor for the development of a
urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Perimenopause
Frequent showering
Marathon running
Pregnancy
1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to cause
1. Where do bacteria commonly inflammation and infection
come from in UTI's 2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, ureter,
2. Where can a UTI occur? or kidney
3. It is more common for women to 3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with estrogen-
develop a UTI especially when deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics where the normal
bacteria flora is diminished
1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms
that allow them to stick to one another
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells and adhere to surfaces that help them
in the lower urinary tract and hide survive.
from the immune cells. The bacteria 2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate
can form biofilms-what is this? the lower urinary tract. This causes the
2. Describe the pathophysiology of colonization of bacteria in the urethra and
a UTI that can lead to septic shock the bladder. If the UTI progresses the
or bacterimia bacteria can ascend to the kidneys and
Note the diagram btw a male & colonize there. At this point, the infection
female urinary tracts (who's is much becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left
shorter) untreated, the bacteria can spread into
the circulation via the renal veins causing
bacteremia
,UTI risk factors 1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle that causes
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
factor. why? 2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
2. The female ureter is shorter and 3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness promoting an
3. Post-menopausal women are environment for bacteria growth.
also at risk because 4. spermicides
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor 5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an ideal
especially if women use environment for the attachment of uropathogens that then form
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
is also a major cause of a UTI
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders 1. urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis). In
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of males, the cystitis may be associated with
the urinary tract prostatitis.
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, 2. urgency associated with burning on
the individual experiences (blank) urination. frequency, dysuria, and
Other common symptoms include suprapubic pain. The urine may also
3. initially, a urine dipstick can be appear cloudy and have an odor.
performed to identify hematuria, 3. is highly specific for bacterial infection
proteinuria, and the presence of 4. culture and sensitivity (C&S) test and
nitrites. The presence of nitrites microscopy
4. an individual can have a negative 5. a white blood cell (WBC) count of
urine dipstick but still have a UTI. If greater than 5000 high power field (hpf)
this is the case, then the NP can and hematuria
send the urine for a
5. On microscopic exam of the
urine, a patient with cystitis will
have
1. An infection of the lower urinary 1. pyelonephritis.
tract can progress to an upper 2. all the symptoms associated with cystitis plus fever, flank pain,
urinary tract infection if the bacteria costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, and vomiting. Malaise
ascends from the bladder to the is also a common complaint
kidney. The condition is 3. vomiting, flank pain and fever
2. The signs and symptoms of 4. there can also be signs of shock
pyelonephritis include 5. WBC casts
3. Think of the symptoms of
pyelonephritis in a classic triad:
4. if the infection has entered the
circulation from the kidney via the
renal vein
5. For the patient with
pyelonephritis, the urine will
present with
, Uncomplicated vs. Complicated 1. renal function is normal, urine results may confirm a UTI, but the
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) patient denies symptoms, no antibiotic is prescribed
1. A UTI may be classified as 2. renal function and an abnormality in the renal tract
complicated or uncomplicated in
terms of its severity. An
uncomplicated UTI indicates that
2. In a complicated UTI, there is
decreased
Un-Complicated UTI 1. the normal urinary tract
1. Occurs in the normal urinary tract 2. a short course of antibiotic therapy
2. Responds well to 3. non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
3. Ie: Simple cystitis in 4. the bladder
Complicated UTI 5. structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI
4. A UTI that extends beyond 6. pregnant mothers & older adults affected
5. Caused by 7. indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
6. Infants and
7. Associated with:
1. The most common organisms that 1. Escherichia coli (80% of cases), Staphylococcus saprophyticus,
cause a UTI is Proteus Mirabilis, and Klebsiella.
2. A urinalysis is used to diagnose a 2. the causative organism is gram negative
UTI. If nitrites are present, this 3. 100,000 colony forming units/ml. remember a UTI occurs when
indicates bacteria colonize, cling to the bladder well, form biofilms and
3. A urine culture may also be overwhelm the immune system
performed to determine infection.
A positive culture indicates that
there are greater than
1. the case of Enterococcus bacteria
2. the highest positive predictive value.
Using the Urinalysis to Diagnose a
Complicated
Urinary Tract Infection
Protein + or –
1. some bacteria are unable to
Leukocyte Esterase +
produce nitrites. this would be
Nitrites + or –
2. The presence of nitrites is the
RBCs +
most specific finding and has
WBCs + > 100,000/hpf
Differentiate between the UA of a
Casts +
complicated and uncomplicated
Uncomplicated
UTI
Protein + or –
Protein
Leukocyte Esterase +
Leukocyte Esterase
Nitrites + or –
Nitrites
RBCs + or –
RBCs
WBCs + > 5000/hpf
WBCs
Casts None
Casts
Remember a for a dx of UTI the pt needs to be presenting with
symptoms
NR 507 Patho Final
16 studiers recently 3.3 (3 reviews)
Save
Students also studied
Ch 54: Possible Testicular Mass- Pai... Jarvis Exam 3 1ST SEM | WEEK 7 KEY TERM
19 terms 50 terms 80 terms
taelor_parker Preview puppies-are-life Preview emma-gracedillard
Terms in this set (458)
Renal System ...
Urinary Tract pre-quiz Q's ....
1. Filtration and collection
1. What are the two main functions
of the kidney Review diagram for
anatomical structures
Women are at a higher risk for the True
development of a UTI because of
having a shorter urethra. True/False
Which of the following can help to Increase water consumption
prevent a UTI?
Increase water consumption
Use spermicides during sexual
intercourse
Taking more Vitamin D
Douching to prevent the growth of
bacteria
,A symptom of a lower urinary tract Urgency
infection includes:
Fever
Flank pain
Urgency
Decreased Urination
Which of the following is true Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
regarding a complicated urinary
tract infection?
It is usually asymptomatic
Can be caused by a structural
urinary tract disorder
Bacteria are located mostly in the
lower urinary tract
Is associated with young adults
Which of the following is a risk Pregnancy
factor for the development of a
urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Perimenopause
Frequent showering
Marathon running
Pregnancy
1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to cause
1. Where do bacteria commonly inflammation and infection
come from in UTI's 2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, ureter,
2. Where can a UTI occur? or kidney
3. It is more common for women to 3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with estrogen-
develop a UTI especially when deficiency and when being treated with antibiotics where the normal
bacteria flora is diminished
1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms
that allow them to stick to one another
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells and adhere to surfaces that help them
in the lower urinary tract and hide survive.
from the immune cells. The bacteria 2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate
can form biofilms-what is this? the lower urinary tract. This causes the
2. Describe the pathophysiology of colonization of bacteria in the urethra and
a UTI that can lead to septic shock the bladder. If the UTI progresses the
or bacterimia bacteria can ascend to the kidneys and
Note the diagram btw a male & colonize there. At this point, the infection
female urinary tracts (who's is much becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left
shorter) untreated, the bacteria can spread into
the circulation via the renal veins causing
bacteremia
,UTI risk factors 1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle that causes
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk stasis of urine, allowing the bacteria to colonize
factor. why? 2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
2. The female ureter is shorter and 3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness promoting an
3. Post-menopausal women are environment for bacteria growth.
also at risk because 4. spermicides
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor 5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an ideal
especially if women use environment for the attachment of uropathogens that then form
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization biofilms. This results in epithelial damage
is also a major cause of a UTI
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders 1. urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis). In
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of males, the cystitis may be associated with
the urinary tract prostatitis.
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, 2. urgency associated with burning on
the individual experiences (blank) urination. frequency, dysuria, and
Other common symptoms include suprapubic pain. The urine may also
3. initially, a urine dipstick can be appear cloudy and have an odor.
performed to identify hematuria, 3. is highly specific for bacterial infection
proteinuria, and the presence of 4. culture and sensitivity (C&S) test and
nitrites. The presence of nitrites microscopy
4. an individual can have a negative 5. a white blood cell (WBC) count of
urine dipstick but still have a UTI. If greater than 5000 high power field (hpf)
this is the case, then the NP can and hematuria
send the urine for a
5. On microscopic exam of the
urine, a patient with cystitis will
have
1. An infection of the lower urinary 1. pyelonephritis.
tract can progress to an upper 2. all the symptoms associated with cystitis plus fever, flank pain,
urinary tract infection if the bacteria costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, nausea, and vomiting. Malaise
ascends from the bladder to the is also a common complaint
kidney. The condition is 3. vomiting, flank pain and fever
2. The signs and symptoms of 4. there can also be signs of shock
pyelonephritis include 5. WBC casts
3. Think of the symptoms of
pyelonephritis in a classic triad:
4. if the infection has entered the
circulation from the kidney via the
renal vein
5. For the patient with
pyelonephritis, the urine will
present with
, Uncomplicated vs. Complicated 1. renal function is normal, urine results may confirm a UTI, but the
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) patient denies symptoms, no antibiotic is prescribed
1. A UTI may be classified as 2. renal function and an abnormality in the renal tract
complicated or uncomplicated in
terms of its severity. An
uncomplicated UTI indicates that
2. In a complicated UTI, there is
decreased
Un-Complicated UTI 1. the normal urinary tract
1. Occurs in the normal urinary tract 2. a short course of antibiotic therapy
2. Responds well to 3. non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
3. Ie: Simple cystitis in 4. the bladder
Complicated UTI 5. structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI
4. A UTI that extends beyond 6. pregnant mothers & older adults affected
5. Caused by 7. indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
6. Infants and
7. Associated with:
1. The most common organisms that 1. Escherichia coli (80% of cases), Staphylococcus saprophyticus,
cause a UTI is Proteus Mirabilis, and Klebsiella.
2. A urinalysis is used to diagnose a 2. the causative organism is gram negative
UTI. If nitrites are present, this 3. 100,000 colony forming units/ml. remember a UTI occurs when
indicates bacteria colonize, cling to the bladder well, form biofilms and
3. A urine culture may also be overwhelm the immune system
performed to determine infection.
A positive culture indicates that
there are greater than
1. the case of Enterococcus bacteria
2. the highest positive predictive value.
Using the Urinalysis to Diagnose a
Complicated
Urinary Tract Infection
Protein + or –
1. some bacteria are unable to
Leukocyte Esterase +
produce nitrites. this would be
Nitrites + or –
2. The presence of nitrites is the
RBCs +
most specific finding and has
WBCs + > 100,000/hpf
Differentiate between the UA of a
Casts +
complicated and uncomplicated
Uncomplicated
UTI
Protein + or –
Protein
Leukocyte Esterase +
Leukocyte Esterase
Nitrites + or –
Nitrites
RBCs + or –
RBCs
WBCs + > 5000/hpf
WBCs
Casts None
Casts
Remember a for a dx of UTI the pt needs to be presenting with
symptoms
