PHAR 100 Midterm Exam Part 1 Questions AND Correct
Answers
2 types of toxic effects from drugs - ✔✔1. adverse effects -
any effect produced by a drug that is not the intended effect
2. drug-drug interactions - occurs when one drug changes the
pharmacological effect of the second drug
3 groups of addictive drugs - ✔✔1. increase dopamine - CNS
stimulants, opioids, alcohol, and cannabis
2. produce novelty - LSD and ecstasy
3. reduce anxiety - CNS depressants
3 major influences on modern pharmacology - ✔✔1. ancient
civilization discoveries
2. poison influence
3. religious influence
3 mechanism that anabolic steroids work by - ✔✔1. anti-
catabolic - response that reduces breakdown of proteins and
muscle tissue - athletes use proteins from their muscles to
fuel their training, in which this is blocked by anabolic steroids
to maintain muscle mass
,2. anabolic - result in protein production, in which these
responses may be more important/have greater effects at
high doses they use
3. motivation - produce aggressive behaviour from steroids,
which is beneficial in many sports
3 methods of drug administration - ✔✔1. topical - applied
directly to a given place on or in the body
2. enteral - via GI tract into the bloodstream
3. parenteral - bypasses the GI tract
5 key steps to drug development - ✔✔DRUG DISCOVERY (3-6
years):
1. basic research and drug discovery
2. preclinical studies
DRUG DEVELOPMENT:
3. clinical studies (6-7 years)
4. health Canada review and manufacturing (0.5-2 years)
5. post-market surveillance/phase 4 clinical trials (ongoing)
, 6 types of adverse effects - ✔✔1. extension of therapeutic
effect - occurs when too much drug in blood
2. unrelated to main drug action - causes effects unrelated to
intended pharmacological action (ex: nausea)
3. allergic reaction - mediated by immune system, an antigen-
antibody combo provokes a mild or severe adverse rxn
4. withdrawal/addiction - unwanted physiological and
psychological drug effects
5. teratogenesis - when a drug produces fetal defects
6. adverse biotransformation rxn - when a drug is converted
to a chemically reactive metabolite that can bind to
tissue/organ components and cause damage
6 types of neurotransmitters and their receptors - ✔✔1.
Glutamate: primary excitatory CNS NT; acts on glutamatergic
receptors
2. Serotonin: hyperactivity → anxiety, hypoactivity →
depression
3. Catecholamines:
Dopamine: regulates hormones, motor control,
motivation/reward; alterations can cause addiction
Answers
2 types of toxic effects from drugs - ✔✔1. adverse effects -
any effect produced by a drug that is not the intended effect
2. drug-drug interactions - occurs when one drug changes the
pharmacological effect of the second drug
3 groups of addictive drugs - ✔✔1. increase dopamine - CNS
stimulants, opioids, alcohol, and cannabis
2. produce novelty - LSD and ecstasy
3. reduce anxiety - CNS depressants
3 major influences on modern pharmacology - ✔✔1. ancient
civilization discoveries
2. poison influence
3. religious influence
3 mechanism that anabolic steroids work by - ✔✔1. anti-
catabolic - response that reduces breakdown of proteins and
muscle tissue - athletes use proteins from their muscles to
fuel their training, in which this is blocked by anabolic steroids
to maintain muscle mass
,2. anabolic - result in protein production, in which these
responses may be more important/have greater effects at
high doses they use
3. motivation - produce aggressive behaviour from steroids,
which is beneficial in many sports
3 methods of drug administration - ✔✔1. topical - applied
directly to a given place on or in the body
2. enteral - via GI tract into the bloodstream
3. parenteral - bypasses the GI tract
5 key steps to drug development - ✔✔DRUG DISCOVERY (3-6
years):
1. basic research and drug discovery
2. preclinical studies
DRUG DEVELOPMENT:
3. clinical studies (6-7 years)
4. health Canada review and manufacturing (0.5-2 years)
5. post-market surveillance/phase 4 clinical trials (ongoing)
, 6 types of adverse effects - ✔✔1. extension of therapeutic
effect - occurs when too much drug in blood
2. unrelated to main drug action - causes effects unrelated to
intended pharmacological action (ex: nausea)
3. allergic reaction - mediated by immune system, an antigen-
antibody combo provokes a mild or severe adverse rxn
4. withdrawal/addiction - unwanted physiological and
psychological drug effects
5. teratogenesis - when a drug produces fetal defects
6. adverse biotransformation rxn - when a drug is converted
to a chemically reactive metabolite that can bind to
tissue/organ components and cause damage
6 types of neurotransmitters and their receptors - ✔✔1.
Glutamate: primary excitatory CNS NT; acts on glutamatergic
receptors
2. Serotonin: hyperactivity → anxiety, hypoactivity →
depression
3. Catecholamines:
Dopamine: regulates hormones, motor control,
motivation/reward; alterations can cause addiction
