USMLE & NCLEX Comprehensive Medical Notes – Pathophysiology,
Diagnostics, and Key Concepts (Lecture Summary & Exam Review
Guide)
Warfarin - -extrinsic pathway, inhibit synthesis of vit k, not in pregnancy
-Heparin - -intrinsic pathway, activate antithrombin, used in pregnancy also
-advil side effect - -renal problem, not before and after surgery (anti platelet,
so bleeding)
-hypertensive urgency vs hypertensive emergency - -emergency: end organ
damage (kidney, bleeding, brain, pupil edema , EKG)
Urgency: headache, chest pain, no end organ damage)
-confirm prostate cancer with ... - -biopsy, not PSA
-nerves related with eye movement - -3, 4, 6 so (superior oblique:4), lr
(lateral rectus:6), 3 others
-Brudzinski's Test - -for meningitis, Severe neck stiffness causes a patient's
hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed.
-addison's sxs - -dark pigmented skin, fatigue
-cause of addison's - -def. of adrenal's hormones
-conn's syndrom - -excessive aldestrone due to adrenal tumor
-kernig's sx - -positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90
degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to
resistance). meningitis test
-risk factor of COPD - -smoking
-copd - -emphysema, chronic bronchitis
-obstructive pulmonary disease vs restrictive pulmonary disease - -
obstructive like asthma, restrctive like sarcoidosis
-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - -not asthma
-uterine bleeding post menopause - -cancer
-most risk factor for osteoporosis - -smoking
,-smoking risk factor for - -COPD, AAA, osteoprosis, htn,
-atrovastatin side effect - -myalgia
-HMG coA reuctase inhibitor side effect - -myalgia
-HMG coA reuctase inhibitors - -statins
-fish oil - -decrease triglyciride not ldl
-how to increase hdl - -exercise
-when BP falls, kidney release .. - -renin
-menorrhagia vs metrohagia - -menorhagia: excessive menstruation can
cause iron def anemia
metrohagia: irregular, frequent bleeding
-sob on supine, edema of legs, fatigue - -CHF
-DVT can cause - -PE
-medication for high chlostrol - -statins
-muscle injury evaluated by ... - -MRI
-MRI for - -soft tissues: spine, brain, joint
-excessive licorice increase urinary excretion of - -potasium
-pre eclampsia+ seizure - -eclampsa
-tongue , what nerve - -12, hyopglossal for control (move) tongue
taste 7 for 2/3
9 for post 1/3
-conductive hearing loss vs sensory hearing loss - -conductive: cerumen
sensory: presbycusis
-most common site of epistaxis - -ant
-epistaxis ant vs post - -ant visible
post not visible
-most common cause of nose bleeding - -external trauma (nose picking)
kisselback's plexus
, -epistaxis tx - -nasal packing\
silver nitrate (burning)
-flat, less than 0.5 cm diameter - -
-flat - -macul
patch
-elevated, palpable - -papul
plaque
-elevated, fluid filled - -vesicle
bullae
-macul vs patch in size - -macul less than 0.5 cm
patch more than 0.5 cm
-papuls vs plaque size - -papul less than 0.5
plaque more than پالک طال بزرگه
-vesicle vs buallae size - -vesicle less than 0.5
-psoriasis - -silvery scaly, extensors, artritis
-extensor surface vs flexor surface - -extensor (psoriasis) vs flexor (atopic
dermatitis=eczema)
-detox for acetaminophen - -NAC (N acetyl cystein)
-kayser fleischer ring - -wilson (copper overload)
-bronze pigmentation - -adison's
hematochromasis
-systemic lupus (SLE) - -butterfly rash, artritis, ANA +
-RA or OA - -rhumatoid arthritis vs osteoarthritis
morning stifness : RA:60 min OA: <30 min
RA :autoimmune, symmetry
-gout - -uric acid
meat, alcohol
-wernicke vs korsakof syndrom - -wernicke reversible
korsakof irreversible
, -wernike korsakof due to - -vit b1 (thiamin def)
due to alcohol abuse
medical emergency
tx: thiamin
-wernike encephalopathy - -ataxia, confusion, Ophthalmoplegia( paralysis or
weakness of the eye muscles)
-korsakof psychosis (amnesia) - -confabulation, impaired short term memory
-nerve 1 - -olfactory (smell) sensory
-nerve 12 - -tongue (hypoglossal), movement
-nerve 2 - -optic, sensory
-3, 4, 6 - -pure motor
-oculumotor - -3
-trochlear - -nerve 4
-nerve 5 how many branches
nerve 7 how many branches - -5 3 branches
7 5 branches
-abducent - -6
-oculomotor - -3
-vestibulocochlear - -8
-semicircular canals+cochlear - -semicircuar for balance
cochlear for hearing
both are sensory
-glosopharengial - -9 both sensory and motor
-vagus - -10 both s and m
connect most of organs: ht, lu, sp, kd, clon, st, lv, parasympathic
taste valecella, epiglot)
-accessory - -11 , SCM, trapezius motor
-cranial nerves (pure motor) - -3,4,6,11,12
Diagnostics, and Key Concepts (Lecture Summary & Exam Review
Guide)
Warfarin - -extrinsic pathway, inhibit synthesis of vit k, not in pregnancy
-Heparin - -intrinsic pathway, activate antithrombin, used in pregnancy also
-advil side effect - -renal problem, not before and after surgery (anti platelet,
so bleeding)
-hypertensive urgency vs hypertensive emergency - -emergency: end organ
damage (kidney, bleeding, brain, pupil edema , EKG)
Urgency: headache, chest pain, no end organ damage)
-confirm prostate cancer with ... - -biopsy, not PSA
-nerves related with eye movement - -3, 4, 6 so (superior oblique:4), lr
(lateral rectus:6), 3 others
-Brudzinski's Test - -for meningitis, Severe neck stiffness causes a patient's
hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed.
-addison's sxs - -dark pigmented skin, fatigue
-cause of addison's - -def. of adrenal's hormones
-conn's syndrom - -excessive aldestrone due to adrenal tumor
-kernig's sx - -positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90
degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to
resistance). meningitis test
-risk factor of COPD - -smoking
-copd - -emphysema, chronic bronchitis
-obstructive pulmonary disease vs restrictive pulmonary disease - -
obstructive like asthma, restrctive like sarcoidosis
-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - -not asthma
-uterine bleeding post menopause - -cancer
-most risk factor for osteoporosis - -smoking
,-smoking risk factor for - -COPD, AAA, osteoprosis, htn,
-atrovastatin side effect - -myalgia
-HMG coA reuctase inhibitor side effect - -myalgia
-HMG coA reuctase inhibitors - -statins
-fish oil - -decrease triglyciride not ldl
-how to increase hdl - -exercise
-when BP falls, kidney release .. - -renin
-menorrhagia vs metrohagia - -menorhagia: excessive menstruation can
cause iron def anemia
metrohagia: irregular, frequent bleeding
-sob on supine, edema of legs, fatigue - -CHF
-DVT can cause - -PE
-medication for high chlostrol - -statins
-muscle injury evaluated by ... - -MRI
-MRI for - -soft tissues: spine, brain, joint
-excessive licorice increase urinary excretion of - -potasium
-pre eclampsia+ seizure - -eclampsa
-tongue , what nerve - -12, hyopglossal for control (move) tongue
taste 7 for 2/3
9 for post 1/3
-conductive hearing loss vs sensory hearing loss - -conductive: cerumen
sensory: presbycusis
-most common site of epistaxis - -ant
-epistaxis ant vs post - -ant visible
post not visible
-most common cause of nose bleeding - -external trauma (nose picking)
kisselback's plexus
, -epistaxis tx - -nasal packing\
silver nitrate (burning)
-flat, less than 0.5 cm diameter - -
-flat - -macul
patch
-elevated, palpable - -papul
plaque
-elevated, fluid filled - -vesicle
bullae
-macul vs patch in size - -macul less than 0.5 cm
patch more than 0.5 cm
-papuls vs plaque size - -papul less than 0.5
plaque more than پالک طال بزرگه
-vesicle vs buallae size - -vesicle less than 0.5
-psoriasis - -silvery scaly, extensors, artritis
-extensor surface vs flexor surface - -extensor (psoriasis) vs flexor (atopic
dermatitis=eczema)
-detox for acetaminophen - -NAC (N acetyl cystein)
-kayser fleischer ring - -wilson (copper overload)
-bronze pigmentation - -adison's
hematochromasis
-systemic lupus (SLE) - -butterfly rash, artritis, ANA +
-RA or OA - -rhumatoid arthritis vs osteoarthritis
morning stifness : RA:60 min OA: <30 min
RA :autoimmune, symmetry
-gout - -uric acid
meat, alcohol
-wernicke vs korsakof syndrom - -wernicke reversible
korsakof irreversible
, -wernike korsakof due to - -vit b1 (thiamin def)
due to alcohol abuse
medical emergency
tx: thiamin
-wernike encephalopathy - -ataxia, confusion, Ophthalmoplegia( paralysis or
weakness of the eye muscles)
-korsakof psychosis (amnesia) - -confabulation, impaired short term memory
-nerve 1 - -olfactory (smell) sensory
-nerve 12 - -tongue (hypoglossal), movement
-nerve 2 - -optic, sensory
-3, 4, 6 - -pure motor
-oculumotor - -3
-trochlear - -nerve 4
-nerve 5 how many branches
nerve 7 how many branches - -5 3 branches
7 5 branches
-abducent - -6
-oculomotor - -3
-vestibulocochlear - -8
-semicircular canals+cochlear - -semicircuar for balance
cochlear for hearing
both are sensory
-glosopharengial - -9 both sensory and motor
-vagus - -10 both s and m
connect most of organs: ht, lu, sp, kd, clon, st, lv, parasympathic
taste valecella, epiglot)
-accessory - -11 , SCM, trapezius motor
-cranial nerves (pure motor) - -3,4,6,11,12
