PH 125 Midterm Study
Guide with correct
answers 2025/2026
Social-Ecological Perspective - correct answers Social Ecological Paradigm is the basis for
understanding the community and environmental origins of public health problems and for
organizing disease prevention and wellness promotion programs that can effectively ameliorate
those problems. The social ecological perspectives on health suggest that the effectiveness of
wellness promotion efforts can be enhanced through multilevel intervention "packages"
combining both behaviors and environmental modifications strategies
Human Environment - correct answers complex systems in which local settings and
organizations are nested within more complex and remote regions
Miasma - correct answers noxious air or vapor
-The miasma theory is an obsolete medical theory that held diseases were caused by a miasma,
also known as night air.
Epidemic - correct answers outbreaks of a disease that has spread through a population
Quarantine - correct answers a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals
that have arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are
placed.
,Water Sanitation - correct answers the process of cleaning and purifying water so that it is safe
for use.
Shattuck's report and the Modern Era of public health - correct answers Shattuck made a health
report that served as a guide in the field of health for the next century (Recommendations:
establish state & local boards of health, collect & analyze vital stats, exchange health info,
maintain sanitary inspections, sanitation programs, study health of school kids, research
tuberculosis, etc.). Produced no results until 1869
Health promotion in "The Ottawa Charter" - correct answers The Ottawa Charter emphasized
that lifestyle and conditions of living contribute more to health than medical care does. Stresses
the social and economic aspects of lifestyle. Emphasized the importance of community action to
enhance opportunities for people to practice healthful lifestyles
List 4 public health control measures that were practiced before the 19th century. Describe their
effectiveness in improving health - correct answers -Quarantine was used and helped prevent
the spread of contagious diseases
-Vaccines were used were effective in improving health it led to virus immunity.
-Water sanitation via water drainage networks were effective in preventing water borne
diseases.
-Penicillin was effective because it kills bacterial infections that could otherwise be fatal
According to Green ("Through the Centuries"), what distinguished the Modern Era of Health
(beginning with Shattuck's report in 1850) from the previous era? - correct answers An
organized, disciplined attack on environmental problems of disease transmission followed from
recognizing the importance of a united public approach to health protection
According to a social-ecological perspective, what influences community well-being? - correct
answers - The healthfulness of a situation and the wellbeing of its participants are assumed to
be influenced by multiple aspects both the physical (geography, architecture, technology) and
social (culture, economics, and politics) environment
,- Health status is influenced by environment but also personal attributes like genetics,
psychological dispositions, and behavioral patterns
According to Stokols, why do lifestyle change programs that focus narrowly on modifying
specific health behaviors often fail? - correct answers They fail because they don't take into
account the dynamic interplay of environment and personal factors
According to Stokols, what is meant by a cycle of mutual influence, also referred to as dynamic
interrelations? Give an example. - correct answers -Dynamic interrelations means the physical
and social features of settings directly influence their occupants' health and concurrently the
participants in settings modify the healthfulness of their surroundings through their individual
and collective actions
-Ex. individuals routine exposure to community violence leads to feelings of disempowerment,
helplessness, and depression, which in turn prevent their efforts to adopt health promotive
practices related to dietary improvement and physical activity.
Pick a specific illness and provide examples of the "multiple layers of influence" for community
health. - correct answers Diabetes:
-Cant afford healthy food puts them at more risk
-Cant afford insulin
-Genetic susceptibility to diabetes
-Community doesn't have healthy food options
-Doesn't have health care access for diagnosis to get it under control
Division of labor - correct answers -the complex set of economic interrelationships among
producers, consumers, managers, laborers, etc. arising from specialization and interdependence
Social Cost - correct answers costs that are not directly paid by the producer of a product
, Central Place Theory - correct answers -The need to be close enough to a market to make the
division of labor possible created a spatial arrangement of markets called the "Central Place"
pattern. Bc the central place is in the middle & there's traders farther outside the market that
cannot participate due to their cost of energy being higher than the cost of producing products,
new market places form around the central one. Service areas don't remain circular because
there are gaps in between marketplaces and traders that live in those gaps go to the closest
market forming lines between the service areas.(honey comb pattern)
The force of agglomeration - correct answers firms are located close to each other based on the
desire to lower costs, which attracts people and activities to urban areas
Geometry of industrial location - correct answers the process of finding the point of lowest
production cost
Economic base - correct answers assets of a town that attract landlords and produce goods that
can be sold in other towns for gold which the division of labor is based on
-the role a community plays in the regional or national system of collection, production, and
distribution
Highest and Best use - correct answers when any piece of land is being used in the most
economically rational fashion
Cost of Friction - correct answers cost of moving through space, time, wear, and maintenance
Describe the economic role of the landlord in pre-industrial societies. - correct answers
Landlords play a key role in a towns growth because they make alot of money from their land
which they then spend in cities on craftsmen's goods and services. Those craftsmen then use
the money they got from the landlords to buy their own necessities from other craftsmens and
farmers, and then they also spend their money on other goods and services that are necessities.
-Money spent by the landlord circulates throughout the town and increases income per capita
Guide with correct
answers 2025/2026
Social-Ecological Perspective - correct answers Social Ecological Paradigm is the basis for
understanding the community and environmental origins of public health problems and for
organizing disease prevention and wellness promotion programs that can effectively ameliorate
those problems. The social ecological perspectives on health suggest that the effectiveness of
wellness promotion efforts can be enhanced through multilevel intervention "packages"
combining both behaviors and environmental modifications strategies
Human Environment - correct answers complex systems in which local settings and
organizations are nested within more complex and remote regions
Miasma - correct answers noxious air or vapor
-The miasma theory is an obsolete medical theory that held diseases were caused by a miasma,
also known as night air.
Epidemic - correct answers outbreaks of a disease that has spread through a population
Quarantine - correct answers a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals
that have arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are
placed.
,Water Sanitation - correct answers the process of cleaning and purifying water so that it is safe
for use.
Shattuck's report and the Modern Era of public health - correct answers Shattuck made a health
report that served as a guide in the field of health for the next century (Recommendations:
establish state & local boards of health, collect & analyze vital stats, exchange health info,
maintain sanitary inspections, sanitation programs, study health of school kids, research
tuberculosis, etc.). Produced no results until 1869
Health promotion in "The Ottawa Charter" - correct answers The Ottawa Charter emphasized
that lifestyle and conditions of living contribute more to health than medical care does. Stresses
the social and economic aspects of lifestyle. Emphasized the importance of community action to
enhance opportunities for people to practice healthful lifestyles
List 4 public health control measures that were practiced before the 19th century. Describe their
effectiveness in improving health - correct answers -Quarantine was used and helped prevent
the spread of contagious diseases
-Vaccines were used were effective in improving health it led to virus immunity.
-Water sanitation via water drainage networks were effective in preventing water borne
diseases.
-Penicillin was effective because it kills bacterial infections that could otherwise be fatal
According to Green ("Through the Centuries"), what distinguished the Modern Era of Health
(beginning with Shattuck's report in 1850) from the previous era? - correct answers An
organized, disciplined attack on environmental problems of disease transmission followed from
recognizing the importance of a united public approach to health protection
According to a social-ecological perspective, what influences community well-being? - correct
answers - The healthfulness of a situation and the wellbeing of its participants are assumed to
be influenced by multiple aspects both the physical (geography, architecture, technology) and
social (culture, economics, and politics) environment
,- Health status is influenced by environment but also personal attributes like genetics,
psychological dispositions, and behavioral patterns
According to Stokols, why do lifestyle change programs that focus narrowly on modifying
specific health behaviors often fail? - correct answers They fail because they don't take into
account the dynamic interplay of environment and personal factors
According to Stokols, what is meant by a cycle of mutual influence, also referred to as dynamic
interrelations? Give an example. - correct answers -Dynamic interrelations means the physical
and social features of settings directly influence their occupants' health and concurrently the
participants in settings modify the healthfulness of their surroundings through their individual
and collective actions
-Ex. individuals routine exposure to community violence leads to feelings of disempowerment,
helplessness, and depression, which in turn prevent their efforts to adopt health promotive
practices related to dietary improvement and physical activity.
Pick a specific illness and provide examples of the "multiple layers of influence" for community
health. - correct answers Diabetes:
-Cant afford healthy food puts them at more risk
-Cant afford insulin
-Genetic susceptibility to diabetes
-Community doesn't have healthy food options
-Doesn't have health care access for diagnosis to get it under control
Division of labor - correct answers -the complex set of economic interrelationships among
producers, consumers, managers, laborers, etc. arising from specialization and interdependence
Social Cost - correct answers costs that are not directly paid by the producer of a product
, Central Place Theory - correct answers -The need to be close enough to a market to make the
division of labor possible created a spatial arrangement of markets called the "Central Place"
pattern. Bc the central place is in the middle & there's traders farther outside the market that
cannot participate due to their cost of energy being higher than the cost of producing products,
new market places form around the central one. Service areas don't remain circular because
there are gaps in between marketplaces and traders that live in those gaps go to the closest
market forming lines between the service areas.(honey comb pattern)
The force of agglomeration - correct answers firms are located close to each other based on the
desire to lower costs, which attracts people and activities to urban areas
Geometry of industrial location - correct answers the process of finding the point of lowest
production cost
Economic base - correct answers assets of a town that attract landlords and produce goods that
can be sold in other towns for gold which the division of labor is based on
-the role a community plays in the regional or national system of collection, production, and
distribution
Highest and Best use - correct answers when any piece of land is being used in the most
economically rational fashion
Cost of Friction - correct answers cost of moving through space, time, wear, and maintenance
Describe the economic role of the landlord in pre-industrial societies. - correct answers
Landlords play a key role in a towns growth because they make alot of money from their land
which they then spend in cities on craftsmen's goods and services. Those craftsmen then use
the money they got from the landlords to buy their own necessities from other craftsmens and
farmers, and then they also spend their money on other goods and services that are necessities.
-Money spent by the landlord circulates throughout the town and increases income per capita
