PSYCH 318 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
2025/2026.
Base-Rate neglect - ANS When a person judges the likelihood that an outcome will occur
without considering the probability that it will occur, that person is guilty of
The law of small numbers - ANS People's expectations about what a random sequence of fair
coin tosses looks like is most likely driven by a belief in
infer how people generally make judgments. - ANS The ultimate goal of the research
literature on cognitive illusions is to
the majority of consonants to appear more frequently as the first letter than as the third, even
though this was not the case - ANS Recall that Tversky and Kahneman (1973) showed
students five consonants (K, L, N, R, V), and asked them to judge whether each appeared more
frequently as the first or third letter in a word. They found that the majority of students judged
providing a theoretical language for describing how the mind operates - ANS The
"Computational model of the mind" is based on the assumption that the essence of thinking
can be captured by describing what the brain does as manipulating symbols. This model
promoted the development of the modern approach to Thinking and Decision Making research
by
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, descriptive model - ANS Horace has observed over time that when he hits the snooze button
on his alarm clock, he is twice as likely to be late to his first class than if he just gets up when
the alarm goes off. This summary of Horace's observations is a
estimate a probability under conditions of uncertainty - ANS The availability heuristic and
representativeness heuristic are employed in order to
Jim is a used car salesman. - ANS Jim is quiet, studious, organized, and meticulous. In the last
month, he read four novels and a book on European politics. He majored in English Literature in
college and is very knowledgeable about books. Which of the following is more probable?
the higher availability of positive events posted by the students' friends led them to believe
others were happier than themselves. - ANS A study of American college students by Chou
and Edge (2012) showed that as Facebook usage increased in frequency,
Intermediate but not expert clinicians - ANS Spanjaars, Groenier, van de Ven, and Witteman
(2015) found that referral letters suggesting a mental health diagnosis that were read before a
clear-cut case study was presented elicited an anchoring effect in
estimated that there were more members of one gender on the list when that gender was
famous. - ANS In Tversky and Kahneman's (1973) classic study of famous and non-famous
names, people who saw a list containing equal numbers of famous women's names and non-
famous men's names, or a list containing equal numbers of famous men's names and non-
famous women's names
both the plausible and the implausible anchors. - ANS Recall that people in a study were
asked to estimate the age at which Gandhi passed away, and were given either a plausible
anchor (e.g., 64 or 79 years old) or an implausible anchor (e.g., 9 or 140 years old). In making
this estimate, the people in this study tended to be influenced by
prescriptive model - ANS Barry's sister Daria only dates people who wear expensive shoes.
Barry advises Daria to change her rule to the following: only date people who treat you nicely.
Barry doesn't know if his suggestion is the best possible rule, but he thinks it will at least work
better than the rule Daria is using right now. Barry's recommendation is an example of a
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADE
2025/2026.
Base-Rate neglect - ANS When a person judges the likelihood that an outcome will occur
without considering the probability that it will occur, that person is guilty of
The law of small numbers - ANS People's expectations about what a random sequence of fair
coin tosses looks like is most likely driven by a belief in
infer how people generally make judgments. - ANS The ultimate goal of the research
literature on cognitive illusions is to
the majority of consonants to appear more frequently as the first letter than as the third, even
though this was not the case - ANS Recall that Tversky and Kahneman (1973) showed
students five consonants (K, L, N, R, V), and asked them to judge whether each appeared more
frequently as the first or third letter in a word. They found that the majority of students judged
providing a theoretical language for describing how the mind operates - ANS The
"Computational model of the mind" is based on the assumption that the essence of thinking
can be captured by describing what the brain does as manipulating symbols. This model
promoted the development of the modern approach to Thinking and Decision Making research
by
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, descriptive model - ANS Horace has observed over time that when he hits the snooze button
on his alarm clock, he is twice as likely to be late to his first class than if he just gets up when
the alarm goes off. This summary of Horace's observations is a
estimate a probability under conditions of uncertainty - ANS The availability heuristic and
representativeness heuristic are employed in order to
Jim is a used car salesman. - ANS Jim is quiet, studious, organized, and meticulous. In the last
month, he read four novels and a book on European politics. He majored in English Literature in
college and is very knowledgeable about books. Which of the following is more probable?
the higher availability of positive events posted by the students' friends led them to believe
others were happier than themselves. - ANS A study of American college students by Chou
and Edge (2012) showed that as Facebook usage increased in frequency,
Intermediate but not expert clinicians - ANS Spanjaars, Groenier, van de Ven, and Witteman
(2015) found that referral letters suggesting a mental health diagnosis that were read before a
clear-cut case study was presented elicited an anchoring effect in
estimated that there were more members of one gender on the list when that gender was
famous. - ANS In Tversky and Kahneman's (1973) classic study of famous and non-famous
names, people who saw a list containing equal numbers of famous women's names and non-
famous men's names, or a list containing equal numbers of famous men's names and non-
famous women's names
both the plausible and the implausible anchors. - ANS Recall that people in a study were
asked to estimate the age at which Gandhi passed away, and were given either a plausible
anchor (e.g., 64 or 79 years old) or an implausible anchor (e.g., 9 or 140 years old). In making
this estimate, the people in this study tended to be influenced by
prescriptive model - ANS Barry's sister Daria only dates people who wear expensive shoes.
Barry advises Daria to change her rule to the following: only date people who treat you nicely.
Barry doesn't know if his suggestion is the best possible rule, but he thinks it will at least work
better than the rule Daria is using right now. Barry's recommendation is an example of a
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
