,OpenStax Fundamentals of Nursing
Student Answer Guide
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nursing Profession: Evolution, Theories, and Practice ................. 3
Chapter 2: Communication ........................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3: Healthcare Delivery Systems ...................................................................................... 13
Chapter 4: Health, Wellness, and Community-Based Health Care............................................... 17
Chapter 5: Cultural Competence .................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 6: Promoting Individualized Care .................................................................................... 26
Chapter 7: Vital Signs .................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 8: Admission, Transfer, and Discharge............................................................................ 34
Chapter 9: Safety and Security...................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 10: Infection Control and Prevention ............................................................................. 41
Chapter 11: Medication Administration ....................................................................................... 45
Chapter 12: Assessment: Recognizing Cues ................................................................................. 50
Chapter 13: Diagnosis and Planning: Analyzing, Prioritizing, and Generating Solutions ............. 59
Chapter 14: Implementation and Evaluation: Taking Action, Evaluating Outcomes, and
Documentation ............................................................................................................................. 64
Chapter 15: Evidence-Based Research, Quality Improvement, and Collaborative Practice ........ 74
Chapter 16: Legal and Ethical Considerations .............................................................................. 79
Chapter 17: Patient and Family Education ................................................................................... 84
Chapter 18: Leadership and Management in Nursing .................................................................. 88
Chapter 19: Oxygenation and Perfusion ....................................................................................... 94
Chapter 20: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance ................................................................. 98
Chapter 21: Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 101
Chapter 22: Activity .................................................................................................................... 104
Chapter 23: Neuromuscular Function ........................................................................................ 109
Chapter 24: Skin Integrity ........................................................................................................... 113
Chapter 25: Hygiene ................................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 26: Urinary Elimination ................................................................................................. 120
Chapter 27: Bowel Elimination ................................................................................................... 126
2
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10/29/2025
,OpenStax Fundamentals of Nursing Student Answer Guide
Chapter 28: Sleep and Rest ......................................................................................................... 132
Chapter 29: Sensory Alterations ................................................................................................. 136
Chapter 30: Pain Assessment ..................................................................................................... 141
Chapter 31: Perioperative Nursing Care ..................................................................................... 146
Chapter 32: Self-Concept ............................................................................................................ 152
Chapter 33: Sexuality .................................................................................................................. 156
Chapter 34: Stress, Adaptation, and Homeostasis ..................................................................... 160
Chapter 35: Spirituality ............................................................................................................... 164
Chapter 36: Grief, Loss, Death, and Dying .................................................................................. 167
Chapter 37: Family Dynamics ..................................................................................................... 172
Chapter 38: Growth and Development ...................................................................................... 176
Chapter 39: Conception Through Adolescence .......................................................................... 179
Chapter 40: Young and Middle-Aged Adults .............................................................................. 183
Chapter 41: Older Adults ............................................................................................................ 187
Chapter 42: Caring for Patients with Disability and Chronic Illness ........................................... 192
Chapter 43: Clinical Judgment and Critical Thinking .................................................................. 195
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nursing Profession: Evolution, Theories,
and Practice
Review Questions
1. During the Middle Ages, who primarily undertook nursing duties, and where did they
provide care?
a. family members in their homes
b. monks and nuns in monasteries and convents
c. herbalists in communities
d. military personnel in wartime hospitals
[Answer: B]
3. What milestone marked Florence Nightingale’s influence on the formalization and
professionalization of nursing education?
a. establishment of the ANA
b. creation of the first nursing school
c. introduction of evidence-based practice
d. development of specialized nursing fields
[Answer: B]
5. What nursing program is designed to prepare individuals for entry-level positions in health
care and requires graduates to pass the NCLEX-PN for licensure?
a. Associate degree in nursing (ADN)
3
, b. Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN)
c. Master of Science in nursing (MSN)
d. Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)/Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN)
[Answer: D]
7. What dsis dsthe dsprimary dsgoal dsof dsthe dsDoctor dsof dsNursing dspractice ds(DNP) dsprogram?
a. preparation dsfor dsleadership dsroles dsin dsacademia
b. research-focused dsdoctoral dseducation
c. emphasis dson dsadvanced dsclinical dspractice, dsleadership, dsand dsevidence-based
dsdecision-making
d. integration dsof dstheory, dsresearch, dsand dspublic dshealth dsin dsnursing dspractice ds
[Answer: dsC]
9. Which dsglobal dsorganization dssignificantly dsinfluences dsthe dsdevelopment dsof dsthe
dsnursing dsprofession dson dsa dsglobal dsscale dsand dsoffers dsguidance dsregarding dsthe dsscope
dsof dspractice dsfor dsnurses dsaround dsthe dsworld?
a. state dsBONs
b. QSEN
c. ICN
d. ANA ds
[Answer: dsC]
11. The dsnurse dsis dsprecepting dsa dsnursing dsstudent dsduring dsa dsclinical dsrotation. dsWhat
dsstatement dsmade dsby dsthe dsstudent dswould dswarrant dsfurther dseducation?
a. “Nursing dsstandards dsserve dsas dsa dsframework dsfor dsproviding dssafe, dsquality dscare.”
b. “Nursing dsstandards dsalign dswith dsthe dsoverarching dsprinciples dsof dsthe dsnursing
dsprofession.”
c. “Nursing dsstandards dsarticulate dsthe dsexpectations dsand dsethical dsconduct dsrequired
dsof dsnurses.”
d. “Nursing dsstandards dsmay dsbe dsincorporated dsinto dspractice dsif dsthe dsnurse dschooses
dsto dsdo dsso.”
[Answer: dsD]
13. What dsis dsthe dsprimary dspurpose dsof dsnursing dstheories? ds ds
a. to dsdictate dsmedical dsinterventions
b. to dsprovide dsa dsframework dsfor dsnursing dspractice
c. to dsestablish dshealthcare dspolicies
d. to dsreplace dsmedical dsguidelines ds
[Answer: dsB]
15. In dsthe dslate dstwentieth dscentury, dswhat dsshift dsoccurred dsin dsthe dsdevelopment dsof
dsnursing dstheories? ds ds
a. a dsdecline dsin dsthe dsemphasis dson dsevidence-based dspractice
b. a dsmove dstoward dstask-oriented dsapproaches
c. a dsdecrease dsin dsthe dsimportance dsof dsresearch dsintegration
d. a dsproliferation dsof dstheories dsaddressing dsvarious dsaspects dsof dsnursing, dshealth,
dsand dscare ds
4
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10/29/2025
Student Answer Guide
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nursing Profession: Evolution, Theories, and Practice ................. 3
Chapter 2: Communication ........................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3: Healthcare Delivery Systems ...................................................................................... 13
Chapter 4: Health, Wellness, and Community-Based Health Care............................................... 17
Chapter 5: Cultural Competence .................................................................................................. 22
Chapter 6: Promoting Individualized Care .................................................................................... 26
Chapter 7: Vital Signs .................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 8: Admission, Transfer, and Discharge............................................................................ 34
Chapter 9: Safety and Security...................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 10: Infection Control and Prevention ............................................................................. 41
Chapter 11: Medication Administration ....................................................................................... 45
Chapter 12: Assessment: Recognizing Cues ................................................................................. 50
Chapter 13: Diagnosis and Planning: Analyzing, Prioritizing, and Generating Solutions ............. 59
Chapter 14: Implementation and Evaluation: Taking Action, Evaluating Outcomes, and
Documentation ............................................................................................................................. 64
Chapter 15: Evidence-Based Research, Quality Improvement, and Collaborative Practice ........ 74
Chapter 16: Legal and Ethical Considerations .............................................................................. 79
Chapter 17: Patient and Family Education ................................................................................... 84
Chapter 18: Leadership and Management in Nursing .................................................................. 88
Chapter 19: Oxygenation and Perfusion ....................................................................................... 94
Chapter 20: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance ................................................................. 98
Chapter 21: Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 101
Chapter 22: Activity .................................................................................................................... 104
Chapter 23: Neuromuscular Function ........................................................................................ 109
Chapter 24: Skin Integrity ........................................................................................................... 113
Chapter 25: Hygiene ................................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 26: Urinary Elimination ................................................................................................. 120
Chapter 27: Bowel Elimination ................................................................................................... 126
2
For more free, peer-reviewed, openly licensed resources visit OpenStax.org.
10/29/2025
,OpenStax Fundamentals of Nursing Student Answer Guide
Chapter 28: Sleep and Rest ......................................................................................................... 132
Chapter 29: Sensory Alterations ................................................................................................. 136
Chapter 30: Pain Assessment ..................................................................................................... 141
Chapter 31: Perioperative Nursing Care ..................................................................................... 146
Chapter 32: Self-Concept ............................................................................................................ 152
Chapter 33: Sexuality .................................................................................................................. 156
Chapter 34: Stress, Adaptation, and Homeostasis ..................................................................... 160
Chapter 35: Spirituality ............................................................................................................... 164
Chapter 36: Grief, Loss, Death, and Dying .................................................................................. 167
Chapter 37: Family Dynamics ..................................................................................................... 172
Chapter 38: Growth and Development ...................................................................................... 176
Chapter 39: Conception Through Adolescence .......................................................................... 179
Chapter 40: Young and Middle-Aged Adults .............................................................................. 183
Chapter 41: Older Adults ............................................................................................................ 187
Chapter 42: Caring for Patients with Disability and Chronic Illness ........................................... 192
Chapter 43: Clinical Judgment and Critical Thinking .................................................................. 195
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nursing Profession: Evolution, Theories,
and Practice
Review Questions
1. During the Middle Ages, who primarily undertook nursing duties, and where did they
provide care?
a. family members in their homes
b. monks and nuns in monasteries and convents
c. herbalists in communities
d. military personnel in wartime hospitals
[Answer: B]
3. What milestone marked Florence Nightingale’s influence on the formalization and
professionalization of nursing education?
a. establishment of the ANA
b. creation of the first nursing school
c. introduction of evidence-based practice
d. development of specialized nursing fields
[Answer: B]
5. What nursing program is designed to prepare individuals for entry-level positions in health
care and requires graduates to pass the NCLEX-PN for licensure?
a. Associate degree in nursing (ADN)
3
, b. Bachelor of Science in nursing (BSN)
c. Master of Science in nursing (MSN)
d. Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)/Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN)
[Answer: D]
7. What dsis dsthe dsprimary dsgoal dsof dsthe dsDoctor dsof dsNursing dspractice ds(DNP) dsprogram?
a. preparation dsfor dsleadership dsroles dsin dsacademia
b. research-focused dsdoctoral dseducation
c. emphasis dson dsadvanced dsclinical dspractice, dsleadership, dsand dsevidence-based
dsdecision-making
d. integration dsof dstheory, dsresearch, dsand dspublic dshealth dsin dsnursing dspractice ds
[Answer: dsC]
9. Which dsglobal dsorganization dssignificantly dsinfluences dsthe dsdevelopment dsof dsthe
dsnursing dsprofession dson dsa dsglobal dsscale dsand dsoffers dsguidance dsregarding dsthe dsscope
dsof dspractice dsfor dsnurses dsaround dsthe dsworld?
a. state dsBONs
b. QSEN
c. ICN
d. ANA ds
[Answer: dsC]
11. The dsnurse dsis dsprecepting dsa dsnursing dsstudent dsduring dsa dsclinical dsrotation. dsWhat
dsstatement dsmade dsby dsthe dsstudent dswould dswarrant dsfurther dseducation?
a. “Nursing dsstandards dsserve dsas dsa dsframework dsfor dsproviding dssafe, dsquality dscare.”
b. “Nursing dsstandards dsalign dswith dsthe dsoverarching dsprinciples dsof dsthe dsnursing
dsprofession.”
c. “Nursing dsstandards dsarticulate dsthe dsexpectations dsand dsethical dsconduct dsrequired
dsof dsnurses.”
d. “Nursing dsstandards dsmay dsbe dsincorporated dsinto dspractice dsif dsthe dsnurse dschooses
dsto dsdo dsso.”
[Answer: dsD]
13. What dsis dsthe dsprimary dspurpose dsof dsnursing dstheories? ds ds
a. to dsdictate dsmedical dsinterventions
b. to dsprovide dsa dsframework dsfor dsnursing dspractice
c. to dsestablish dshealthcare dspolicies
d. to dsreplace dsmedical dsguidelines ds
[Answer: dsB]
15. In dsthe dslate dstwentieth dscentury, dswhat dsshift dsoccurred dsin dsthe dsdevelopment dsof
dsnursing dstheories? ds ds
a. a dsdecline dsin dsthe dsemphasis dson dsevidence-based dspractice
b. a dsmove dstoward dstask-oriented dsapproaches
c. a dsdecrease dsin dsthe dsimportance dsof dsresearch dsintegration
d. a dsproliferation dsof dstheories dsaddressing dsvarious dsaspects dsof dsnursing, dshealth,
dsand dscare ds
4
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10/29/2025
