BIO253 Hondros Final Exam – Accurate
Solutions For Every Question
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Terms in this set (426)
Lower respiratory tract begins at the trachea
What are the major plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
components of blood?
Red blood cells general functions are to transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide. They're responsible for
the red color in blood. It also contains hemoglobin.
Describe red blood cells 1) contain hemoglobin
2) have no nucleus
3) biconcave structure
4) highly adapted
What is the function of transport oxygen
hemoglobin
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) primarily use the
What metabolic pathway
glycolysis metabolic pathway to produce ATP, as
do erythrocytes use to
they lack mitochondria and rely solely on anaerobic
produce ATP
metabolism to generate energy from glucose
Where are red blood bone marrow
cells produced
All blood cells develop from stem cells
How do blood cells form (undifferentiated cells) in the bone marrow; a
process called hematopoiesis.
The formed elements include red blood cells
Distinguish between the (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and cell
formed elements and the fragments called platelets. The liquid portion of
liquid portion of blood. blood is called plasma, which contains water,
proteins, salts, lipids, and glucose.
,How is red blood cell A negative feedback mechanism using the hormone
production controlled? erythropoietin. (prolonged oxygen deficiency)
Iron is required for the formation of red blood cells
because it is a crucial component of hemoglobin, a
Why is iron required for protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen
the formation of red throughout the body; without iron, the body cannot
blood cells produce functional hemoglobin, leading to a
deficiency in oxygen transport and resulting in
anemia.
Which vitamins are The vitamins primarily necessary for red blood cell
necessary for red blood production are vitamin B12 and folate (vitamin B9)
cell production?
Anemia is a blood disorder that occurs when the
What is anemia? body doesn't have enough red blood cells or
hemoglobin
Damaged red blood cells are destroyed and
What happens to
replaced through a process called hemolysis. This
damaged red blood
process happens in the spleen and other parts of
cells?
the body
When hemoglobin breaks down, the primary
products are iron, bilirubin, and amino acids; the
What are the products of iron comes from the heme group, bilirubin is a
hemoglobin breakdown? byproduct of heme breakdown, and the amino acids
are derived from the globin protein component of
hemoglobin
What are the major plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
components of blood
Contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the
RBC (erythrocytes)
lungs to the body's cells
transport of nutrients, blood gases, wastes,
plasma function
chemical messengers, blood cells and platelets
, Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells
(WBCs), are part of the body's immune system that
WBC (leukocytes)
fight infection and disease. They are made in the
function
bone marrow and circulate in the blood and lymph
tissue.
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells
(WBCs), are part of the body's immune system that
Lymphocytes fight infection and disease. They are made in the
bone marrow and circulate in the blood and lymph
tissue.
Composition of Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells
hematocrit (leukocytes), and platelets
Should be approximately 45% of blood volume
Hematocrit Level:
after centrifugation
Blood Composition: 55% plasma, 45% formed elements (hematocrit)
• High hematocrit (70-75%): Polycythemia,
abnormal Levels: pregnancy
• Moderate elevation (55-60%): Infections
• Low hematocrit: Anemia
Function: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin (shuttle
red blood cells
bus with four seats for oxygen)
(erythrocytes)
red blood cells Made in bone marrow
(erythrocytes)
Production
Erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys stimulates
production
red blood cells
• Low oxygen levels trigger EPO secretion
(erythrocytes) Regulation
• Some athletes train at high altitude or use oxygen-
restricting masks to increase EPO naturally
red blood cells Iron, vitamin B12, and folate (B9)
(erythrocytes) Required
Nutrients
, • Anemia: Iron deficiency is most common
red blood cells
• Pernicious Anemia: B12 deficiency, similar
(erythrocytes) Disorders:
symptoms to Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Sickle Cell Anemia: Genetic disorder
: Hemoglobin breaks down into bilirubin
red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
Breakdown
(contain granules):
Neutrophils , Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes
(without granules):
• Lymphocytes: Smallest white blood cells, include B
cells and T cells
• T cells: Attack tumors and viruses
White Blood Cells
• B cells: Produce antibodies
(Leukocytes)
• Monocytes
Granulocytes
• Process: Diapedesis - ability to squeeze through
capillary walls to reach infection sites
• Disorders:
• Leukocytosis: Excess white blood cells
• Leukopenia: Deficiency of white blood cells
• Leukemia: Cancer of white blood cells
Granulocytes Most abundant, first to arrive at infection sites
Neutrophils:
Granulocytes Eosinophils Respond to allergies and parasites
Granulocytes Basophils Largest white blood cells
Lymphocytes: Smallest white blood cells, include B
cells and T cells
Agranulocytes (without
• T cells: Attack tumors and viruses
granules):
• B cells: Produce antibodies
• Monocytes
Monocytes/Macrophage phagocytic leukocytes that follow the neutrophils to
s clear the debris
thrombocytes function Blood clotting, hemostasis (stopping blood flow)
(platelets)
Solutions For Every Question
Save
Terms in this set (426)
Lower respiratory tract begins at the trachea
What are the major plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
components of blood?
Red blood cells general functions are to transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide. They're responsible for
the red color in blood. It also contains hemoglobin.
Describe red blood cells 1) contain hemoglobin
2) have no nucleus
3) biconcave structure
4) highly adapted
What is the function of transport oxygen
hemoglobin
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) primarily use the
What metabolic pathway
glycolysis metabolic pathway to produce ATP, as
do erythrocytes use to
they lack mitochondria and rely solely on anaerobic
produce ATP
metabolism to generate energy from glucose
Where are red blood bone marrow
cells produced
All blood cells develop from stem cells
How do blood cells form (undifferentiated cells) in the bone marrow; a
process called hematopoiesis.
The formed elements include red blood cells
Distinguish between the (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and cell
formed elements and the fragments called platelets. The liquid portion of
liquid portion of blood. blood is called plasma, which contains water,
proteins, salts, lipids, and glucose.
,How is red blood cell A negative feedback mechanism using the hormone
production controlled? erythropoietin. (prolonged oxygen deficiency)
Iron is required for the formation of red blood cells
because it is a crucial component of hemoglobin, a
Why is iron required for protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen
the formation of red throughout the body; without iron, the body cannot
blood cells produce functional hemoglobin, leading to a
deficiency in oxygen transport and resulting in
anemia.
Which vitamins are The vitamins primarily necessary for red blood cell
necessary for red blood production are vitamin B12 and folate (vitamin B9)
cell production?
Anemia is a blood disorder that occurs when the
What is anemia? body doesn't have enough red blood cells or
hemoglobin
Damaged red blood cells are destroyed and
What happens to
replaced through a process called hemolysis. This
damaged red blood
process happens in the spleen and other parts of
cells?
the body
When hemoglobin breaks down, the primary
products are iron, bilirubin, and amino acids; the
What are the products of iron comes from the heme group, bilirubin is a
hemoglobin breakdown? byproduct of heme breakdown, and the amino acids
are derived from the globin protein component of
hemoglobin
What are the major plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
components of blood
Contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the
RBC (erythrocytes)
lungs to the body's cells
transport of nutrients, blood gases, wastes,
plasma function
chemical messengers, blood cells and platelets
, Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells
(WBCs), are part of the body's immune system that
WBC (leukocytes)
fight infection and disease. They are made in the
function
bone marrow and circulate in the blood and lymph
tissue.
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells
(WBCs), are part of the body's immune system that
Lymphocytes fight infection and disease. They are made in the
bone marrow and circulate in the blood and lymph
tissue.
Composition of Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells
hematocrit (leukocytes), and platelets
Should be approximately 45% of blood volume
Hematocrit Level:
after centrifugation
Blood Composition: 55% plasma, 45% formed elements (hematocrit)
• High hematocrit (70-75%): Polycythemia,
abnormal Levels: pregnancy
• Moderate elevation (55-60%): Infections
• Low hematocrit: Anemia
Function: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin (shuttle
red blood cells
bus with four seats for oxygen)
(erythrocytes)
red blood cells Made in bone marrow
(erythrocytes)
Production
Erythropoietin (EPO) from kidneys stimulates
production
red blood cells
• Low oxygen levels trigger EPO secretion
(erythrocytes) Regulation
• Some athletes train at high altitude or use oxygen-
restricting masks to increase EPO naturally
red blood cells Iron, vitamin B12, and folate (B9)
(erythrocytes) Required
Nutrients
, • Anemia: Iron deficiency is most common
red blood cells
• Pernicious Anemia: B12 deficiency, similar
(erythrocytes) Disorders:
symptoms to Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Sickle Cell Anemia: Genetic disorder
: Hemoglobin breaks down into bilirubin
red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
Breakdown
(contain granules):
Neutrophils , Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes
(without granules):
• Lymphocytes: Smallest white blood cells, include B
cells and T cells
• T cells: Attack tumors and viruses
White Blood Cells
• B cells: Produce antibodies
(Leukocytes)
• Monocytes
Granulocytes
• Process: Diapedesis - ability to squeeze through
capillary walls to reach infection sites
• Disorders:
• Leukocytosis: Excess white blood cells
• Leukopenia: Deficiency of white blood cells
• Leukemia: Cancer of white blood cells
Granulocytes Most abundant, first to arrive at infection sites
Neutrophils:
Granulocytes Eosinophils Respond to allergies and parasites
Granulocytes Basophils Largest white blood cells
Lymphocytes: Smallest white blood cells, include B
cells and T cells
Agranulocytes (without
• T cells: Attack tumors and viruses
granules):
• B cells: Produce antibodies
• Monocytes
Monocytes/Macrophage phagocytic leukocytes that follow the neutrophils to
s clear the debris
thrombocytes function Blood clotting, hemostasis (stopping blood flow)
(platelets)
