Class notes English language and composition

Class 9 NCERT - Language and Composition Notes

1. Parts of Speech
Words are classified based on their function in a sentence.
- Noun – names a person, place, thing or idea
- Pronoun – replaces a noun (he, she, it)
- Verb – shows action/state
- Adjective – describes a noun
- Adverb – describes a verb/adjective
- Preposition – shows relation (in, on, at)
- Conjunction – joins words/clauses
- Interjection – sudden expression (Wow!)

2. Tenses
Tenses show time of action.
- Present (I write)
- Past (I wrote)
- Future (I will write)

3. Active & Passive Voice
Active: Subject performs action (Ram kicked the ball)
Passive: Action done to subject (The ball was kicked by Ram)

4. Direct & Indirect Speech
Direct: Exact words in quotes (“He said, 'I am happy'”)
Indirect: Reported speech (He said that he was happy)

5. Sentence Types
- Declarative (statement)
- Interrogative (question)
- Imperative (command/request)
- Exclamatory (strong feeling)

6. Paragraph Writing
A good paragraph has:
- Topic sentence
- Supporting details
- Conclusion

7. Letter Writing
Types:
- Formal Letter (official purpose)