SOLUTION MANUAL
All Chapters Included
, Table of Contents
Introduction to Earth Science
UNIT I - EARTH MATERIALS
1. Matter and Minerals
2. Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
UNIT II - FORCES WITHIN
3. Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
4. Restless Earth: Earthquakes and Mountain Building
5. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
UNIT III - SCULPTING EARTH'S SURFACE
6. Landscapes Fashioned by Water
7. Glacial and Arid Landscapes
UNIT IV - DECIPHERING EARTH'S HISTORY
8. Geologic Time
UNIT V - THE GLOBAL OCEAN
9. Oceans: The Last Frontier
10. The Restless Ocean
UNIT VI - EARTH'S DYNAMIC ATMOSPHERE
11. Heating the Atmosphere
12.Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation
13.The Atmosphere in Motion
14. Weather Patterns and Severe Weather
UNIT VII - EARTH'S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE
15.The Nature of the Solar System
16. Beyond Our Solar System
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
,1. MATTER AND MINERALS
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The
chapter begins with minerals and how they are defined, then delves deeper to review the
building blocks of minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of
ionic bonding are presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, how minerals are
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
v. Definite chemical composition
b. What Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles with almost identical masses
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical
charge of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of two or more elements
1.3 WHY ATOMS BOND
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded
by eight valence electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each
atom a full valence shell of electrons
2
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, iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different
from the properties of the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form
ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons
between a pair of atoms
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so
that all atoms share the available valence electrons
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the
surface of a mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the
common or characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of
crystals
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
vi. Platy
vii. Block
y viii.
Cubic
ix. Banded
c. Mineral Strength: how easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
i. Taste
ii. Feel
3
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
All Chapters Included
, Table of Contents
Introduction to Earth Science
UNIT I - EARTH MATERIALS
1. Matter and Minerals
2. Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth
UNIT II - FORCES WITHIN
3. Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
4. Restless Earth: Earthquakes and Mountain Building
5. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
UNIT III - SCULPTING EARTH'S SURFACE
6. Landscapes Fashioned by Water
7. Glacial and Arid Landscapes
UNIT IV - DECIPHERING EARTH'S HISTORY
8. Geologic Time
UNIT V - THE GLOBAL OCEAN
9. Oceans: The Last Frontier
10. The Restless Ocean
UNIT VI - EARTH'S DYNAMIC ATMOSPHERE
11. Heating the Atmosphere
12.Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation
13.The Atmosphere in Motion
14. Weather Patterns and Severe Weather
UNIT VII - EARTH'S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE
15.The Nature of the Solar System
16. Beyond Our Solar System
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
,1. MATTER AND MINERALS
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The
chapter begins with minerals and how they are defined, then delves deeper to review the
building blocks of minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of
ionic bonding are presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, how minerals are
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
v. Definite chemical composition
b. What Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles with almost identical masses
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical
charge of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of two or more elements
1.3 WHY ATOMS BOND
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded
by eight valence electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each
atom a full valence shell of electrons
2
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
, iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different
from the properties of the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form
ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons
between a pair of atoms
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so
that all atoms share the available valence electrons
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the
surface of a mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the
common or characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of
crystals
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
vi. Platy
vii. Block
y viii.
Cubic
ix. Banded
c. Mineral Strength: how easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
i. Taste
ii. Feel
3
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
