NR511 Final Exam 2026 Questions and
Answers
Define diagnostic reasoning - Correct answer--A type of critical thinking
-Includes systematic way of thinking that evaluates each new piece of data to
support some hypothesis and reduce others
-Evaluates if all the avenues have been explored and that the conclusion is based
on evidence
-To solve problems, promote health, screen for dz/illness: all require sensitivity to
complex stories, contextual factors, sense of probability/uncertainty
Discuss & identify subjective & objective data - Correct answer-Subjective: what a
pt reports, complains of, tells me in response to my questions.
Includes ROS, CC, HPI
Objective: info you can see/feel
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Lab results/data
Discuss & identify the components of the HPI - Correct answer-O: onset
L: location
D: duration (does it come and go?)
C: characteristics
A: aggravating factors
R: relieving factors
T: treatments attempted
S: severity of pain
Describe the differences between medical billing and medical coding - Correct
answer-Billing: process of submitting and following up on claims made to a payer
in order to receive payment for medical services rendered by healthcare provider.
Coding: the use of codes to communicate with payers about which procedures
were performed and why.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Compare & contrast the 2 coding classification systems that are currently used in
the US healthcare system - Correct answer-CPT: common procedural terminology
Offical procedural rules and guidelines required when reporting
services/procedures performed by providers
Recognized universally
Provide logical means to be able to tract healthcare data, trends, outcomes
Represented by 5 digit code
Every CPT must have dx that corresponds/explains why procedure was done
ICD-10: 10th version
Shorthand for pt's dx used to provide payer info on necessity of visit/procedure
Discuss how specificity, sensitivity, predictive value contribute to usefulness of
diagnostic data - Correct answer-Specificity: greater when it has few false positives
The number of true negatives divided by the number of all tested individuals who
do not have the dz
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Sensitivity: greater when it has few false negatives
The number of true positives divided by the number of tested individuals that do
have the dz
Predictive value: in part dependent on prevalence of condition
Positive predictive value: the number of true positives divided by all those that are
positive
Negative predictive value: the number of true negatives divided by all those that
are negative
False positive: when a pt does NOT have dz, but has positive reading
False negative: when a pt that DOES have dz, but has negative reading
Discuss the elements that need to be considered when developing a plan - Correct
answer-Diagnostic testing (what tests need to be conducted to clarify assessment)
Education (specific problems being managed)
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
Answers
Define diagnostic reasoning - Correct answer--A type of critical thinking
-Includes systematic way of thinking that evaluates each new piece of data to
support some hypothesis and reduce others
-Evaluates if all the avenues have been explored and that the conclusion is based
on evidence
-To solve problems, promote health, screen for dz/illness: all require sensitivity to
complex stories, contextual factors, sense of probability/uncertainty
Discuss & identify subjective & objective data - Correct answer-Subjective: what a
pt reports, complains of, tells me in response to my questions.
Includes ROS, CC, HPI
Objective: info you can see/feel
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Lab results/data
Discuss & identify the components of the HPI - Correct answer-O: onset
L: location
D: duration (does it come and go?)
C: characteristics
A: aggravating factors
R: relieving factors
T: treatments attempted
S: severity of pain
Describe the differences between medical billing and medical coding - Correct
answer-Billing: process of submitting and following up on claims made to a payer
in order to receive payment for medical services rendered by healthcare provider.
Coding: the use of codes to communicate with payers about which procedures
were performed and why.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Compare & contrast the 2 coding classification systems that are currently used in
the US healthcare system - Correct answer-CPT: common procedural terminology
Offical procedural rules and guidelines required when reporting
services/procedures performed by providers
Recognized universally
Provide logical means to be able to tract healthcare data, trends, outcomes
Represented by 5 digit code
Every CPT must have dx that corresponds/explains why procedure was done
ICD-10: 10th version
Shorthand for pt's dx used to provide payer info on necessity of visit/procedure
Discuss how specificity, sensitivity, predictive value contribute to usefulness of
diagnostic data - Correct answer-Specificity: greater when it has few false positives
The number of true negatives divided by the number of all tested individuals who
do not have the dz
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Sensitivity: greater when it has few false negatives
The number of true positives divided by the number of tested individuals that do
have the dz
Predictive value: in part dependent on prevalence of condition
Positive predictive value: the number of true positives divided by all those that are
positive
Negative predictive value: the number of true negatives divided by all those that
are negative
False positive: when a pt does NOT have dz, but has positive reading
False negative: when a pt that DOES have dz, but has negative reading
Discuss the elements that need to be considered when developing a plan - Correct
answer-Diagnostic testing (what tests need to be conducted to clarify assessment)
Education (specific problems being managed)
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
