BISC 101 EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
Are nucleotides hydrophilic?
nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic, since they're relatively non-polar, but the charged phosphate
group and the polar sugar group are strongly hydrophilic, so nucleotides are hydrophilic overall.
double stranded DNA hides the hydrophobic bases inside, allowing the hydrophilic sugar-
phosphate backbone to contact water
Are sugars hydrophilic?
sugars are polar so they (and the polymers they make) are hydrophilic
Are amino acids hydrophilic?
amino acids have different R-side chains so some are hydrophobic, some are hydrophilic, and
some are amphipathic (have both parts)
Are lipids hydrophilic?
lipids are generally hydrophobic
Are phospholipids hydrophilic?
They are amphipathic because they have a charged phosphate group attached to long
hydrophobic fatty tails. The tails hide from water in the phospholipid bilayers
What are lipids?
Fats and steroids
Nucleus
,where we make DNA strands (via DNA replication) and RNA (via transcription)
Where are proteins and polypeptides made?
in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and rough ER when mRNA strands are translated
How is glycogen made?
It's made out of glucose in the cytoplasm of liver and skeletal muscle cells.
made via photosynthesis in plants, algae, protists and bacteria
what enzyme makes glycogen
glycogen synthase
Where are lipids made?
in the smooth ER, using a variety of enzymes
What is a genome?
a full set of genes (a full collection of original blueprints)
genes can also encode non-coding RNAs like tRNAs
DNA
biological molecule that holds genetic info
Blue paper that blueprints are drawn on
original DNA never leaves the nucleus
mRNA
,temporary copies of the original blueprints sent out and used to trigger and guide assembly of
proteins and functional RNA
Protein
one type of product that a gene can act as a blueprint for
What reads mRNA , and what do they do with that info
Ribosomes directly read messenger RNA and use that info to build proteins
What is the rough ER
folded structure with ribosomes attached to it
Has many ribosomes to make proteins
Why is the membrane of the rough ER important?
Many proteins must be embedded into membranes as they are synthesized, and others must be
isolated, processed, packaged into vesicles and transported to other locations
What is the smooth ER
a membrane bound factory with NO ribosomes
makes lipids instead of proteins
Why do both smooth and rough ER have rough surface area
They both have rough surface area with many folds to increase surface area for more ribosomes
to fit and enzymes, and many vesicles pinch off to deliver products to other locations
What is the golgi apparatus
, A stack of flat membrane-bound sacs that receive materials from smooth and rough ER and start
to process/assemble them into final products before sending them to their final location
Works like an assembly line
What are ribosomes made of
proteins and rRNA
What is the cytoskeleton
a bunch of fibres with microfilaments
Holds things in place and holds up structure
Structural supports for the cell and organelles
Act as tracks that vesicles and other organelles are pulled along
What is the plasma membrane?
a barrier that selectively controls what can enter/exit the cell
has glycoproteins and glycolipids (as identifying labels for cell recognition), receptors (to receive
signals), enzymes (to catalyse reactions), etc
What are lysosomes?
They act as a mix of a recycling centre and a digestive system
Fuses with work out structures to disassemble them (such as mitochondria)
Macromolecules are enzymatically digested by monomers, which can be catabolized (burned as
fuel) or used to make new macromolecules/enzymes/organelles
in animal/protist cells, they can also digest food, bacteria, viruses, etc
What is a controlled way to kill a cell
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.
Are nucleotides hydrophilic?
nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic, since they're relatively non-polar, but the charged phosphate
group and the polar sugar group are strongly hydrophilic, so nucleotides are hydrophilic overall.
double stranded DNA hides the hydrophobic bases inside, allowing the hydrophilic sugar-
phosphate backbone to contact water
Are sugars hydrophilic?
sugars are polar so they (and the polymers they make) are hydrophilic
Are amino acids hydrophilic?
amino acids have different R-side chains so some are hydrophobic, some are hydrophilic, and
some are amphipathic (have both parts)
Are lipids hydrophilic?
lipids are generally hydrophobic
Are phospholipids hydrophilic?
They are amphipathic because they have a charged phosphate group attached to long
hydrophobic fatty tails. The tails hide from water in the phospholipid bilayers
What are lipids?
Fats and steroids
Nucleus
,where we make DNA strands (via DNA replication) and RNA (via transcription)
Where are proteins and polypeptides made?
in the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and rough ER when mRNA strands are translated
How is glycogen made?
It's made out of glucose in the cytoplasm of liver and skeletal muscle cells.
made via photosynthesis in plants, algae, protists and bacteria
what enzyme makes glycogen
glycogen synthase
Where are lipids made?
in the smooth ER, using a variety of enzymes
What is a genome?
a full set of genes (a full collection of original blueprints)
genes can also encode non-coding RNAs like tRNAs
DNA
biological molecule that holds genetic info
Blue paper that blueprints are drawn on
original DNA never leaves the nucleus
mRNA
,temporary copies of the original blueprints sent out and used to trigger and guide assembly of
proteins and functional RNA
Protein
one type of product that a gene can act as a blueprint for
What reads mRNA , and what do they do with that info
Ribosomes directly read messenger RNA and use that info to build proteins
What is the rough ER
folded structure with ribosomes attached to it
Has many ribosomes to make proteins
Why is the membrane of the rough ER important?
Many proteins must be embedded into membranes as they are synthesized, and others must be
isolated, processed, packaged into vesicles and transported to other locations
What is the smooth ER
a membrane bound factory with NO ribosomes
makes lipids instead of proteins
Why do both smooth and rough ER have rough surface area
They both have rough surface area with many folds to increase surface area for more ribosomes
to fit and enzymes, and many vesicles pinch off to deliver products to other locations
What is the golgi apparatus
, A stack of flat membrane-bound sacs that receive materials from smooth and rough ER and start
to process/assemble them into final products before sending them to their final location
Works like an assembly line
What are ribosomes made of
proteins and rRNA
What is the cytoskeleton
a bunch of fibres with microfilaments
Holds things in place and holds up structure
Structural supports for the cell and organelles
Act as tracks that vesicles and other organelles are pulled along
What is the plasma membrane?
a barrier that selectively controls what can enter/exit the cell
has glycoproteins and glycolipids (as identifying labels for cell recognition), receptors (to receive
signals), enzymes (to catalyse reactions), etc
What are lysosomes?
They act as a mix of a recycling centre and a digestive system
Fuses with work out structures to disassemble them (such as mitochondria)
Macromolecules are enzymatically digested by monomers, which can be catabolized (burned as
fuel) or used to make new macromolecules/enzymes/organelles
in animal/protist cells, they can also digest food, bacteria, viruses, etc
What is a controlled way to kill a cell
