Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_pktgv
1. Afferent Sensory from interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen
Receptors or BV stretch.
2. Efferent Sensory from CNS out to effector organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway
Receptors to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a synapse.
3. Sympathetic Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
4. Parasympathetic Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and Digest".
5. Autonomic Tone The constant balance between the two branches (sympathetic and para-)
6. Sympathetic Divi- Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral)
sion ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
7. Divergent effect One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and may synapse
with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
8. Cholinergic re- Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3 synapses.
ceptors
9. Adrenergic Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
10. Nicotinic Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only excite (depolar-
ize) synapses
11. Muscarinic At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize)
and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
12. Alpha 1 and Beta Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release of hormone). Muscles will
1 contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in nature.
13. Alpha 2 and Beta Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease release of hormones).
2
, Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_pktgv
14. Beta 1 Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
15. Beta 2 Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
16. Beta 3 Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
17. Exocrine gland gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and outside of the body.
18. Endocrine gland Gland that is ductless.
19. Paracrine Hormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood stream.
20. Autocrine Hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
21. Hypothalamus Produces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via blood to anterior pituitary.
Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary.
22. Pituitary (Hy- Found in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid bone.
pophysis)
23. 2 Capillary beds What allows there to be a direct route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothal-
connected by a amus. Instead of having to go all the way through the blood system until it gets
portal vein to the A. Pituitary?
24. Anterior Pituitary 7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that influence other glands.
hormones
25. Human Growth Somatotrophin, stimulates secretion of IGF. Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal
Hormone (hGH) muscle, liver. Also increases blood glucose.
26. Thyroid Stimu- Stimulates synthesis/ secretion of Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
lating Hormone
(TSH)
27. Prolactin (PRL) Milk production by mammary glands.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_pktgv
1. Afferent Sensory from interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen
Receptors or BV stretch.
2. Efferent Sensory from CNS out to effector organs (down white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway
Receptors to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor neurons with a synapse.
3. Sympathetic Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
4. Parasympathetic Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and Digest".
5. Autonomic Tone The constant balance between the two branches (sympathetic and para-)
6. Sympathetic Divi- Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body. Prevertebral (collateral)
sion ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
7. Divergent effect One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals and may synapse
with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
8. Cholinergic re- Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3 synapses.
ceptors
9. Adrenergic Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
10. Nicotinic Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only excite (depolar-
ize) synapses
11. Muscarinic At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both excite (depolarize)
and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
12. Alpha 1 and Beta Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release of hormone). Muscles will
1 contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in nature.
13. Alpha 2 and Beta Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease release of hormones).
2
, Anatomy and Physiology 1 Final Exam
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_pktgv
14. Beta 1 Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
15. Beta 2 Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac muslce BVs.
16. Beta 3 Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat -- thermogenesis.
17. Exocrine gland gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and outside of the body.
18. Endocrine gland Gland that is ductless.
19. Paracrine Hormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood stream.
20. Autocrine Hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
21. Hypothalamus Produces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via blood to anterior pituitary.
Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary.
22. Pituitary (Hy- Found in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid bone.
pophysis)
23. 2 Capillary beds What allows there to be a direct route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothal-
connected by a amus. Instead of having to go all the way through the blood system until it gets
portal vein to the A. Pituitary?
24. Anterior Pituitary 7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that influence other glands.
hormones
25. Human Growth Somatotrophin, stimulates secretion of IGF. Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal
Hormone (hGH) muscle, liver. Also increases blood glucose.
26. Thyroid Stimu- Stimulates synthesis/ secretion of Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
lating Hormone
(TSH)
27. Prolactin (PRL) Milk production by mammary glands.
