BIOL 4003 Final Exam well answered
graded A+ passed
Explain the results of Mendel's single-factor crosses and how they allowed him to conclude that
genes are unit factors that may dominant or recessive, and they segregate during gamete
formation (see Figure 2.5, 2.6). - correct answer ✔✔ - A pea plant contains two discrete
hereditary factors for a given character, one from each parent
- When the two factors of a single character are different and present in the same plant
One variant is dominant and its effect can be seen
The other variant is recessive and is not seen Particulate theory of inheritance : the genetic
determinants that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they
are passed from parent to offspring
- During gamete formation, the paired factors for a given character segregate randomly so that
half of the gametes receive one factor and half of the gametes receive the other
- gives 3:1 ratio
Explain the results of Mendel's two-factor crosses and how they allowed him to propose the law
of independent assortment (see Figures 2.7, 2.8, 2.9). - correct answer ✔✔ - If the genes, on
the other hand, assort independently then the predicted phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation
would be 9:3:3:1
- law of Independent Assortment: During gamete formation, the segregation of any pair of
hereditary determinants is independent of the segregation of other pairs
Be able to set up a Punnett square for single-factor and two-factor crosses. - correct answer ✔✔
see slides 34
Apply the product rule and binomial expansion equation in genetic problems. - correct answer
✔✔ Product Rule: The probability that two or more independent events will occur is equal to
the product of their respective probabilities (slide 49)
, Binomial Expansion: Represents all of the possibilities for a given set of unordered events (slides
50-52)
Be able to carry out a chi square test to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis. - correct answer
✔✔ The chi square test does not prove that a hypothesis is correct, It evaluates whether or not
the data and the hypothesis have a good fit
(slide 60 and on)
-If the chi square value results in a probability that is less than 0.05 (ie: less than 5%), the
hypothesis is rejected
Describe how eukaryotic chromosomes come in sets, and that most species are diploid, which
means they have homologous pairs of chromosomes (see Figure 3.3). - correct answer ✔✔ For
a diploid human cell, two complete sets of chromosomes from a single cell constitute a
karyotype of that cell.
Members of a pair of chromosomes are called homologs, The two homologs form a
homologous pair, The two chromosomes in a homologous pair are nearly identical in size, have
the same banding pattern and centromere location, and the same genes but not necessarily the
same alleles
Explain how meiosis is related to the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
(see Figures 3.15, 3.16). - correct answer ✔✔ - During meiosis, each homolog segregates into
one of the two daughter nuclei
- During the formation of gametes, different types of (nonhomologous) chromosomes segregate
independently
- Mendel's law of segregation can be explained by the homologous pairing and segregation of
chromosomes during meiosis
- Mendel's law of independent assortment can be explained by the relative behavior of different
(nonhomologous) chromosomes during meiosis
Be able to describe the inheritance patterns and molecular explanations for the patterns listed
in Table 4.1 with an emphasis of the patterns mentioned below.
graded A+ passed
Explain the results of Mendel's single-factor crosses and how they allowed him to conclude that
genes are unit factors that may dominant or recessive, and they segregate during gamete
formation (see Figure 2.5, 2.6). - correct answer ✔✔ - A pea plant contains two discrete
hereditary factors for a given character, one from each parent
- When the two factors of a single character are different and present in the same plant
One variant is dominant and its effect can be seen
The other variant is recessive and is not seen Particulate theory of inheritance : the genetic
determinants that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they
are passed from parent to offspring
- During gamete formation, the paired factors for a given character segregate randomly so that
half of the gametes receive one factor and half of the gametes receive the other
- gives 3:1 ratio
Explain the results of Mendel's two-factor crosses and how they allowed him to propose the law
of independent assortment (see Figures 2.7, 2.8, 2.9). - correct answer ✔✔ - If the genes, on
the other hand, assort independently then the predicted phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation
would be 9:3:3:1
- law of Independent Assortment: During gamete formation, the segregation of any pair of
hereditary determinants is independent of the segregation of other pairs
Be able to set up a Punnett square for single-factor and two-factor crosses. - correct answer ✔✔
see slides 34
Apply the product rule and binomial expansion equation in genetic problems. - correct answer
✔✔ Product Rule: The probability that two or more independent events will occur is equal to
the product of their respective probabilities (slide 49)
, Binomial Expansion: Represents all of the possibilities for a given set of unordered events (slides
50-52)
Be able to carry out a chi square test to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis. - correct answer
✔✔ The chi square test does not prove that a hypothesis is correct, It evaluates whether or not
the data and the hypothesis have a good fit
(slide 60 and on)
-If the chi square value results in a probability that is less than 0.05 (ie: less than 5%), the
hypothesis is rejected
Describe how eukaryotic chromosomes come in sets, and that most species are diploid, which
means they have homologous pairs of chromosomes (see Figure 3.3). - correct answer ✔✔ For
a diploid human cell, two complete sets of chromosomes from a single cell constitute a
karyotype of that cell.
Members of a pair of chromosomes are called homologs, The two homologs form a
homologous pair, The two chromosomes in a homologous pair are nearly identical in size, have
the same banding pattern and centromere location, and the same genes but not necessarily the
same alleles
Explain how meiosis is related to the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
(see Figures 3.15, 3.16). - correct answer ✔✔ - During meiosis, each homolog segregates into
one of the two daughter nuclei
- During the formation of gametes, different types of (nonhomologous) chromosomes segregate
independently
- Mendel's law of segregation can be explained by the homologous pairing and segregation of
chromosomes during meiosis
- Mendel's law of independent assortment can be explained by the relative behavior of different
(nonhomologous) chromosomes during meiosis
Be able to describe the inheritance patterns and molecular explanations for the patterns listed
in Table 4.1 with an emphasis of the patterns mentioned below.
