1
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR #z #z
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
#z #z #z #z #z #z #z
Cal Jillson
#z #z
Chapter 1-21
#z #z
Chapter 1 #z
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
#z #z #z #z #z
FOCUS #zQUESTIONS
Q1 What #zare #zthe #zbroad #zpurposes #zof #zgovernment?
A1 The #zancients #zbelieved #zthe #zrole #zof #zgovernment #zand #zpolitics #zwas #zto #zfoster
#zhuman #zexcellence. #zHowever, #zit #zis #zimperative #zto #zremember #zthat #zthe
#zGreeks #zand #zRomans #zbelieved #zthe #zvirtuous #zshould #zrule #zaccording #zto
#znatural #zlaw. #zFurthermore, #zvalues #zof #zequality #zand #zorder #zwould #zbe #zserved
#zthrough #za #zsociety #zbased #zupon #zthe #zrule #zof #zlaw #zto #zprovide #zfor #zthe
#zcommon #zgood. #zIn #zthe #zMiddle #zAges, #zgovernment #zwas #zlargely #zused #zto
#zfacilitate #zreligion #zand #zmaintained #zthe #zneed #zfor #zthe #zindividual #zto #zlive #za
#zproper #zlife #zin #zthe #zservice #zof #zGod. #zThe #zrole #zof #zgovernment #zchanged #zin
#zthe #zearly #zsixteenth #zcentury #zby #zdownplaying #zthe #zrole #zof #zreligion #zwhile
#zalternatively #zpromoting #zthe #zrole #zof #zlimited #zgovernment #zto #zprotect #zprivate
#zproperty #zand #zindividual #zrights.
Q2 How #zshould #zgovernment #zbe #zdesigned #zto #zachieve #zits #zpurposes?
A2 According #zto #zPlato #zthe #zphilosopher-king’s #zwisdom #zand #zintellect #zwould
#zpromote #zorder, #zstability #zand #zjustice. #zYet, #zAristotle #ztakes #za #zmore #zrealistic
#zview #zof #zAthenian #zsociety #zby #zadvocating #zthe #zbest #zform #zof #zgovernment #zas
#za #zpolity, #zwhich #zcombined #zoligarchic #zand #zdemocratic #zelements #zto #zproduce
#zpolitical #zstability. #zThe #zRomans #zcombined #zmonarchical, #zaristocratic, #zand
#zdemocratic #zprinciples #zas #za #zmixed #zgovernment #zwithin #zrepresentative
#zbodies #zlike #zthe #zSenate #zand #zthe #zAssembly #zin #zorder #zto #zchampion #zthe
#zcauses #zof #zboth #zthe #zrich #zand #zthe #zpoor. #zGovernment #zin #zthe #zMiddle #zAges
#zwas #zdetermined #zthrough #zdivine #zright, #zwhereby #za #zmonarch #zor #zPope #zwas
#zordained #zby #zGod #zto #zrule. #zHence, #zwisdom #zand #zvirtue #zrested #zwithin #zthese
#zfew #zindividuals #zwho #zgoverned #zto #zpromote #zreligious #zlife #zand #zprotect #zthe
#zreligious #zestablishment. #zThe #zRenaissance, #zProtestant #zReformation, #zand
#zEnlightenment #zPeriods #zshifted #zthe #zrole #zof #zgovernment #zfrom #zupholding
#zreligious #zdoctrine #zto #zsecular #zconcerns, #zsuch #zas #zprotecting #zinalienable
#zrights, #zincluding #zprivate #zproperty, #zand #zpromoting #zcommerce. #zIn #zturn,
#zEnlightenment #zpolitical
© #z2023 #zTaylor #z& #zFrancis
, 2
philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as a
means to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history of
ancient Greece and Rome?
A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses needed to be
quelled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers of
the U.S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic
adhered to the tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle
and the Romans. This was maintained in the indirect selection of both the Senate
and the presidency within the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing
aristocratic and democratic elements in a governing structure called a polity. In
effect, this governmental design allowed the few and the many to participate in
the politics providing an orderly society where the poor should be able to select
government officials who were held accountable. This was also made manifest in
the Constitution with its aristocratic-like Senate and the more democratic House
of Representatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution established
institutional powers to govern according to the rule of law. While the Framers
rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages, they appealed to inalienable
rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the writings of John Locke, in
which a just government and society could not be impeded.
Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civil
unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic
opportunities. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large
geographical area where freedom of religion and economic opportunity
flourished. Also, their heterogeneous social composition as well as continual
promotion of ideals, such as equality and tolerance, tended to promote political
freedom at the same time that social expansion of the population was occurring.
Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who
should rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the
elite (well-educated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus,
an aristocratic element within government was necessary to protect against the
threat of mob rule historically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the
idea of republicanism was promoted as an ideal at a higher level than
democracy. This was made most manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
, 3
constitutional #zschemes #zover #zsingle-body #zregimes, #zsuch #zas #zmonarchies,
#zaristocracies, #zand #zdemocracies. #zIt #zwas #zin #zthis #zrespect #zthat #zour #zcolonial
#zancestors #zwere #zboth #zinnovative #zand #zcritical #zof #zextant #zgovernmental
#zforms #zyet #zsimultaneously #zwedded #zto #zthe #zpast, #zespecially #zthe #zGreco-
Roman #zAncients.
CHAPTER #zOUTLINE
I. A #zTradition #zto #zDraw #zFrom
History #zand #zexperience #zprovided #zlessons #zupon #zwhich #zthe #zFounders #zreferenced #zin
#zdesigning #zAmerican #zpolitical #zinstitutions.
A. The #zAncients: #zWho #zRules #zand #zfor #zWhat #zPurpose?
The #zphilosophy #zof #zPlato #zand #zAristotle #zwas #zconcerned #zwith #zstructuring
#za #zsociety, #zknown #zas #za #zcity-state, #zand #zbased #zupon #zhuman #znature:
#zSpeech #zand #zreason #zas #zthe #zfundamental #zcharacteristics #zof #zhumans.
#zThus, #zthe #zpolitical #zcommunity #zor #zpolis #zis #zdesigned #zaccording #zto #zthe
#zvirtues #zand #zabilities #zof #zits #zinhabitants.
1. The #zGreeks: #zMonarchy, #zAristocracy, #zDemocracy
a. According #zto #zAristotle, #zthe #zpurpose #zof #zpolitics #zis #zto #zcreate #zan
#zorder #zthat #zfosters #zhuman #zexcellence. #zPlato’s #zleader #zwas #zthe
#zphilosopher #zking. #zSince #zPlato #zdoubted #zthe #zreality #zof #zthis
#zking, #zhe #zconcluded #zthat #zgood #zgovernment #zwould #zbe
#zuncommon #zand #zshort #zlived. # z Plato #zand #zparticularly #zAristotle
#zidentified #zthree #zforms #zof #zgovernment:
1) Monarchy—rule #zby #zone #zleader
2) Aristocracy—rule #zby #za #zfew #zgood #zmen
3) Democracy—rule #zby #zthe #zmany
b. Aristotle #zalso #ztheorized #zthat #zgovernments #zwould #zdecay. #zThus,
#zmonarchy #zdecays #zinto #ztyranny #zthrough #zdespotic #zactions #zof #za
#zsingle #zruler. #zSecond, #zaristocracy #zdecays #zinto #zoligarchy
#zwhereby #zthe #zfew #zrule #zto #zadvance #ztheir #zself-interests
#zcontrary #zto #zthe #zcommon #zgood. #zFinally, #zdemocracy #zdecays
#zinto #zmob #zrule #zas #zthe #zmasses #zrule #zaccording #zto #ztheir
#zpassions.
c. Aristotle’s #zadditional #zcontribution: #zPolitical #zorder #zbased #zon #zreality
1) Aristotle’s #zcontribution #zwas #zpragmatic #zby #zaddressing
#zthe #zneeds #zof #zthe #zwealthy #zand #zthe #zmasses #zwithin #za
#zsociety #zto #zform #za #zmixed #zgovernment.
2) He #zbelieved #zthat #zoligarchy #zand #zdemocracy #zare #zthe
#zmost #zcommon #zregimes. #zTherefore, #zthe #zbest
#zelements #zof #zeach #zmight #zbe #zcombined #zand #zmade #zinto
#za #zgood, #zworkable, #zand #zstable #zgovernment. #zHe #zcalled
#zthis #zform #z“polity.”
2. The #zRomans: #zRepublicanism #zand #zMixed #zGovernment
a. The #zRomans, #znotably #zPolybius #zand #zCicero, #zbelieved #zthat
© #z2023 #zTaylor #z&
#zFrancis
, 4
#z government’s #zinstitutional #zstructure #zshould #zarbitrate #zpower
#z between #zrich #zand #zpoor. #zAccordingly, #zthis #zorder #zwas #za
#zrepublic #zor
mixed #zstate #zin #zwhich #zmonarchical, #zaristocratic, #zand #zdemocratic
#zelements #zare #zrepresented.
b. Polybius #zasserted #zthat #zthis #zmixed #zgovernment #zwould
#zpromote #zstability #zvia #za #zstrong #zexecutive #zwhile #zalso
#zproviding #za #zlegislative #zbranch #zwhereby #zthe #zfew #z(wealthy)
#zand #zmany #z(poor) #zcould #zparticipate #zin #zthe #zpolitical
#zprocess.
c. Cicero #zappealed #zto #znatural #zlaw, #zthe #znecessity #zof #zrule #zof
#zlaw, #zand #zthe #zvirtues #zof #zliberty, #zequality, #zand #zthe #zinformed
#zconsent #zof #zthe #zindividual #zto #zprovide #zstability, #zorder, #zand
#zfreedom.
d. Cicero’s #zimpact #zupon #zthe #zFramers #zis #zseen #zwith #zthe #zconcepts
#zof #zlimited #zgovernment, #zseparation #zof #zpowers, #zand #zchecks
#zand #zbalances. #zThe #zFounders, #zspecifically #zJames #zMadison,
#zreflected #zupon #zthe #zancient #zphilosopher’s #zbeliefs #zconcerning
#zthe #zroles, #zinstitutions, #zand #zmechanisms #zof #zpolitics. #zHowever,
#zthe #ztask #zat #zhand #zfor #zthe #zFramers #zof #zthe #zU.S. #zConstitution
#zwas #zto #zdesign #za #zgovernment #zbalancing #zorder #zand #zfreedom
#zto #zthe #zend #zof #zproviding #za #zjust #zgovernment #zthat #zmay #zbe
#zsustained #zover #zan #zextended #zperiod #zof #ztime.
B. The #zMiddle #zAges: #zThe #zSecular #zServes #zthe #zState
The #zChristian #zview #zof #zpolitical #zlife #zmaintained #zthat #zthe #zhighest #zgoal #zof
#zman #zis #zsalvation #zand #zeternity, #zwhich #zare #zachieved #zby #zserving #zGod. #zThis
#zview #zof #zpolitical #zlife #zwas #zproposed #zby #zSt. #zAugustine #zand #zSt. #zThomas
#zAquinas #zwho #zadvocated #zthat #zboth #zruler #zand #zruled #zshould #zconduct
#zthemselves #zin #zthe #zpolitical #zrealm #zas #zin #ztheir #zpersonal #zlife #zthrough #za
#zdevotion #zto #zGod.
1. This #zhad #zpolitical #zimplications. #zTo #zachieve #zsalvation #zthe #zpolitical
#zorder #zwas #zorganized #zto #zsupport #zreligious #zbeliefs, #zvalues, #zand
#zexpectations. #zThus, #zreligious #zinstitutions #zwere #zactive #zin #zpolitical
#zmatters.
a. Order #zwas #zneeded #zto #zallow #zreligion #zto #zprosper #zin #zpeace.
b. Rule #zby #zone #zor #za #zfew #z(e.g. #zthe #zPope #zor #zking)
c. Religious #zorder #zassured #zobedience #zto #zauthority
d. Power #zwould #zflow #zdown
e. The #zmany #zwould #zfollow: #zObedience #zwould #zflow #zup #zfrom
#zthe #zmasses
Religious #zvalues #z(moderation, #ztolerance, #zand #zfaith) #zwould #zpromote #zstability
#zand #zpeace
© #z2023 #zTaylor #z&
#zFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR #z #z
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
#z #z #z #z #z #z #z
Cal Jillson
#z #z
Chapter 1-21
#z #z
Chapter 1 #z
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
#z #z #z #z #z
FOCUS #zQUESTIONS
Q1 What #zare #zthe #zbroad #zpurposes #zof #zgovernment?
A1 The #zancients #zbelieved #zthe #zrole #zof #zgovernment #zand #zpolitics #zwas #zto #zfoster
#zhuman #zexcellence. #zHowever, #zit #zis #zimperative #zto #zremember #zthat #zthe
#zGreeks #zand #zRomans #zbelieved #zthe #zvirtuous #zshould #zrule #zaccording #zto
#znatural #zlaw. #zFurthermore, #zvalues #zof #zequality #zand #zorder #zwould #zbe #zserved
#zthrough #za #zsociety #zbased #zupon #zthe #zrule #zof #zlaw #zto #zprovide #zfor #zthe
#zcommon #zgood. #zIn #zthe #zMiddle #zAges, #zgovernment #zwas #zlargely #zused #zto
#zfacilitate #zreligion #zand #zmaintained #zthe #zneed #zfor #zthe #zindividual #zto #zlive #za
#zproper #zlife #zin #zthe #zservice #zof #zGod. #zThe #zrole #zof #zgovernment #zchanged #zin
#zthe #zearly #zsixteenth #zcentury #zby #zdownplaying #zthe #zrole #zof #zreligion #zwhile
#zalternatively #zpromoting #zthe #zrole #zof #zlimited #zgovernment #zto #zprotect #zprivate
#zproperty #zand #zindividual #zrights.
Q2 How #zshould #zgovernment #zbe #zdesigned #zto #zachieve #zits #zpurposes?
A2 According #zto #zPlato #zthe #zphilosopher-king’s #zwisdom #zand #zintellect #zwould
#zpromote #zorder, #zstability #zand #zjustice. #zYet, #zAristotle #ztakes #za #zmore #zrealistic
#zview #zof #zAthenian #zsociety #zby #zadvocating #zthe #zbest #zform #zof #zgovernment #zas
#za #zpolity, #zwhich #zcombined #zoligarchic #zand #zdemocratic #zelements #zto #zproduce
#zpolitical #zstability. #zThe #zRomans #zcombined #zmonarchical, #zaristocratic, #zand
#zdemocratic #zprinciples #zas #za #zmixed #zgovernment #zwithin #zrepresentative
#zbodies #zlike #zthe #zSenate #zand #zthe #zAssembly #zin #zorder #zto #zchampion #zthe
#zcauses #zof #zboth #zthe #zrich #zand #zthe #zpoor. #zGovernment #zin #zthe #zMiddle #zAges
#zwas #zdetermined #zthrough #zdivine #zright, #zwhereby #za #zmonarch #zor #zPope #zwas
#zordained #zby #zGod #zto #zrule. #zHence, #zwisdom #zand #zvirtue #zrested #zwithin #zthese
#zfew #zindividuals #zwho #zgoverned #zto #zpromote #zreligious #zlife #zand #zprotect #zthe
#zreligious #zestablishment. #zThe #zRenaissance, #zProtestant #zReformation, #zand
#zEnlightenment #zPeriods #zshifted #zthe #zrole #zof #zgovernment #zfrom #zupholding
#zreligious #zdoctrine #zto #zsecular #zconcerns, #zsuch #zas #zprotecting #zinalienable
#zrights, #zincluding #zprivate #zproperty, #zand #zpromoting #zcommerce. #zIn #zturn,
#zEnlightenment #zpolitical
© #z2023 #zTaylor #z& #zFrancis
, 2
philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as a
means to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history of
ancient Greece and Rome?
A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses needed to be
quelled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers of
the U.S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic
adhered to the tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle
and the Romans. This was maintained in the indirect selection of both the Senate
and the presidency within the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing
aristocratic and democratic elements in a governing structure called a polity. In
effect, this governmental design allowed the few and the many to participate in
the politics providing an orderly society where the poor should be able to select
government officials who were held accountable. This was also made manifest in
the Constitution with its aristocratic-like Senate and the more democratic House
of Representatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution established
institutional powers to govern according to the rule of law. While the Framers
rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages, they appealed to inalienable
rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the writings of John Locke, in
which a just government and society could not be impeded.
Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civil
unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic
opportunities. Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large
geographical area where freedom of religion and economic opportunity
flourished. Also, their heterogeneous social composition as well as continual
promotion of ideals, such as equality and tolerance, tended to promote political
freedom at the same time that social expansion of the population was occurring.
Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who
should rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the
elite (well-educated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus,
an aristocratic element within government was necessary to protect against the
threat of mob rule historically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the
idea of republicanism was promoted as an ideal at a higher level than
democracy. This was made most manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
© 2023 Taylor & Francis
, 3
constitutional #zschemes #zover #zsingle-body #zregimes, #zsuch #zas #zmonarchies,
#zaristocracies, #zand #zdemocracies. #zIt #zwas #zin #zthis #zrespect #zthat #zour #zcolonial
#zancestors #zwere #zboth #zinnovative #zand #zcritical #zof #zextant #zgovernmental
#zforms #zyet #zsimultaneously #zwedded #zto #zthe #zpast, #zespecially #zthe #zGreco-
Roman #zAncients.
CHAPTER #zOUTLINE
I. A #zTradition #zto #zDraw #zFrom
History #zand #zexperience #zprovided #zlessons #zupon #zwhich #zthe #zFounders #zreferenced #zin
#zdesigning #zAmerican #zpolitical #zinstitutions.
A. The #zAncients: #zWho #zRules #zand #zfor #zWhat #zPurpose?
The #zphilosophy #zof #zPlato #zand #zAristotle #zwas #zconcerned #zwith #zstructuring
#za #zsociety, #zknown #zas #za #zcity-state, #zand #zbased #zupon #zhuman #znature:
#zSpeech #zand #zreason #zas #zthe #zfundamental #zcharacteristics #zof #zhumans.
#zThus, #zthe #zpolitical #zcommunity #zor #zpolis #zis #zdesigned #zaccording #zto #zthe
#zvirtues #zand #zabilities #zof #zits #zinhabitants.
1. The #zGreeks: #zMonarchy, #zAristocracy, #zDemocracy
a. According #zto #zAristotle, #zthe #zpurpose #zof #zpolitics #zis #zto #zcreate #zan
#zorder #zthat #zfosters #zhuman #zexcellence. #zPlato’s #zleader #zwas #zthe
#zphilosopher #zking. #zSince #zPlato #zdoubted #zthe #zreality #zof #zthis
#zking, #zhe #zconcluded #zthat #zgood #zgovernment #zwould #zbe
#zuncommon #zand #zshort #zlived. # z Plato #zand #zparticularly #zAristotle
#zidentified #zthree #zforms #zof #zgovernment:
1) Monarchy—rule #zby #zone #zleader
2) Aristocracy—rule #zby #za #zfew #zgood #zmen
3) Democracy—rule #zby #zthe #zmany
b. Aristotle #zalso #ztheorized #zthat #zgovernments #zwould #zdecay. #zThus,
#zmonarchy #zdecays #zinto #ztyranny #zthrough #zdespotic #zactions #zof #za
#zsingle #zruler. #zSecond, #zaristocracy #zdecays #zinto #zoligarchy
#zwhereby #zthe #zfew #zrule #zto #zadvance #ztheir #zself-interests
#zcontrary #zto #zthe #zcommon #zgood. #zFinally, #zdemocracy #zdecays
#zinto #zmob #zrule #zas #zthe #zmasses #zrule #zaccording #zto #ztheir
#zpassions.
c. Aristotle’s #zadditional #zcontribution: #zPolitical #zorder #zbased #zon #zreality
1) Aristotle’s #zcontribution #zwas #zpragmatic #zby #zaddressing
#zthe #zneeds #zof #zthe #zwealthy #zand #zthe #zmasses #zwithin #za
#zsociety #zto #zform #za #zmixed #zgovernment.
2) He #zbelieved #zthat #zoligarchy #zand #zdemocracy #zare #zthe
#zmost #zcommon #zregimes. #zTherefore, #zthe #zbest
#zelements #zof #zeach #zmight #zbe #zcombined #zand #zmade #zinto
#za #zgood, #zworkable, #zand #zstable #zgovernment. #zHe #zcalled
#zthis #zform #z“polity.”
2. The #zRomans: #zRepublicanism #zand #zMixed #zGovernment
a. The #zRomans, #znotably #zPolybius #zand #zCicero, #zbelieved #zthat
© #z2023 #zTaylor #z&
#zFrancis
, 4
#z government’s #zinstitutional #zstructure #zshould #zarbitrate #zpower
#z between #zrich #zand #zpoor. #zAccordingly, #zthis #zorder #zwas #za
#zrepublic #zor
mixed #zstate #zin #zwhich #zmonarchical, #zaristocratic, #zand #zdemocratic
#zelements #zare #zrepresented.
b. Polybius #zasserted #zthat #zthis #zmixed #zgovernment #zwould
#zpromote #zstability #zvia #za #zstrong #zexecutive #zwhile #zalso
#zproviding #za #zlegislative #zbranch #zwhereby #zthe #zfew #z(wealthy)
#zand #zmany #z(poor) #zcould #zparticipate #zin #zthe #zpolitical
#zprocess.
c. Cicero #zappealed #zto #znatural #zlaw, #zthe #znecessity #zof #zrule #zof
#zlaw, #zand #zthe #zvirtues #zof #zliberty, #zequality, #zand #zthe #zinformed
#zconsent #zof #zthe #zindividual #zto #zprovide #zstability, #zorder, #zand
#zfreedom.
d. Cicero’s #zimpact #zupon #zthe #zFramers #zis #zseen #zwith #zthe #zconcepts
#zof #zlimited #zgovernment, #zseparation #zof #zpowers, #zand #zchecks
#zand #zbalances. #zThe #zFounders, #zspecifically #zJames #zMadison,
#zreflected #zupon #zthe #zancient #zphilosopher’s #zbeliefs #zconcerning
#zthe #zroles, #zinstitutions, #zand #zmechanisms #zof #zpolitics. #zHowever,
#zthe #ztask #zat #zhand #zfor #zthe #zFramers #zof #zthe #zU.S. #zConstitution
#zwas #zto #zdesign #za #zgovernment #zbalancing #zorder #zand #zfreedom
#zto #zthe #zend #zof #zproviding #za #zjust #zgovernment #zthat #zmay #zbe
#zsustained #zover #zan #zextended #zperiod #zof #ztime.
B. The #zMiddle #zAges: #zThe #zSecular #zServes #zthe #zState
The #zChristian #zview #zof #zpolitical #zlife #zmaintained #zthat #zthe #zhighest #zgoal #zof
#zman #zis #zsalvation #zand #zeternity, #zwhich #zare #zachieved #zby #zserving #zGod. #zThis
#zview #zof #zpolitical #zlife #zwas #zproposed #zby #zSt. #zAugustine #zand #zSt. #zThomas
#zAquinas #zwho #zadvocated #zthat #zboth #zruler #zand #zruled #zshould #zconduct
#zthemselves #zin #zthe #zpolitical #zrealm #zas #zin #ztheir #zpersonal #zlife #zthrough #za
#zdevotion #zto #zGod.
1. This #zhad #zpolitical #zimplications. #zTo #zachieve #zsalvation #zthe #zpolitical
#zorder #zwas #zorganized #zto #zsupport #zreligious #zbeliefs, #zvalues, #zand
#zexpectations. #zThus, #zreligious #zinstitutions #zwere #zactive #zin #zpolitical
#zmatters.
a. Order #zwas #zneeded #zto #zallow #zreligion #zto #zprosper #zin #zpeace.
b. Rule #zby #zone #zor #za #zfew #z(e.g. #zthe #zPope #zor #zking)
c. Religious #zorder #zassured #zobedience #zto #zauthority
d. Power #zwould #zflow #zdown
e. The #zmany #zwould #zfollow: #zObedience #zwould #zflow #zup #zfrom
#zthe #zmasses
Religious #zvalues #z(moderation, #ztolerance, #zand #zfaith) #zwould #zpromote #zstability
#zand #zpeace
© #z2023 #zTaylor #z&
#zFrancis
