68W TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS MARKED
A+
✔✔dosing interval - ✔✔recommended time period between doses of a medication
✔✔onset - ✔✔time until a medication's therapeutic effect begins
✔✔duration of effect - ✔✔time until the medication's therapeutic effect wears off
✔✔duration of therapy - ✔✔length of time a course of medication is continued to ensure
the desired effect is maintained
✔✔dosing parameters - ✔✔the limitations, considerations, and instructions required
regarding a medication; helps achieve the desired physiological response minimize side
effects
✔✔Body weight, Comorbidities, Age - ✔✔What are factors that affect dosing
✔✔Importance for patients to understand dosing parameters - ✔✔-too little: not achieve
therapeutic effects
-too much: increased side effects/toxic levels
✔✔Antibiotics - ✔✔Medications which kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria
✔✔Gram Stain Testing - ✔✔Categorizes bacteria classification based upon chemical
properties in the cell's membrane.
✔✔Gram positive - ✔✔Indicates the presence of peptidoglycan
✔✔Peptidoglycan - ✔✔the substance that forms a tough, rigid structure of the bacterium
cell wall
✔✔Gram Negative - ✔✔the cell membrane outer structure consists of a cytoplasmic
membrane surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
✔✔Aerobic - ✔✔bacteria that thrives only in an oxygen environment
✔✔Anaerobic - ✔✔bacteria that grow well in the absence of oxygen
✔✔Viruses and fungi - ✔✔Antibiotics are not effective on what?
✔✔Sexually or asexually - ✔✔How do fungi reproduce
✔✔Penicillin - ✔✔Effective against gram positive aerobic organisms
,✔✔1st Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against gram positive bacteria
✔✔2nd Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against gram positive bacteria
✔✔3rd Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against both gram positive and negative
bacteria
✔✔4th Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against both gram positive and negative
bacteria
✔✔Cephalosporin - ✔✔Patients with allergies to PCN's have 10-20% risk of being
allergic to...
✔✔Macrolides - ✔✔Stimulates motilin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and may
cause diarrhea.
✔✔Tetracyclines - ✔✔Inhibit growth of bacteria therefore works slowly; posses anti-
inflammatory effect; don't use on children or pregnant women
✔✔Quinolones - ✔✔Long term use may have increased risk of spontaneous tendon
rupture
✔✔Sulfonamides - ✔✔Sulfa based, broad spectrum antibiotic; effective against MRSA
✔✔Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) - ✔✔Safer than most antibiotics; Pregnancy Category B
✔✔Tinea cruris - ✔✔jock itch
✔✔Tinea corpus - ✔✔ring worm
✔✔Undecylenic Acid - ✔✔Army foot powder
✔✔Tinea pedis - ✔✔atletes foot
✔✔Liver - ✔✔Where is Tylenol metabolized at?
✔✔N - acetylcysteine (Muconyst) - ✔✔What is the antidote for Tylenol?
✔✔Paracetamol - ✔✔Tylenol may be labeled a what in Europe or Asia
✔✔Reduce 1-2 points - ✔✔How much will NSAIDS help in regards to the pain scale of
1-10
, ✔✔COX-1 - ✔✔Can lead to gastric ulcers; Ex. Naprosyn
✔✔COX-2 - ✔✔Decreases inflammation only; Ex. Mobic
✔✔Corticosteroids - ✔✔Stimulate cortisol, an anti-inflammatory steroid produced in the
adrenal glands
✔✔Class 1 (strongest) to class 7 (weakest) - ✔✔How are topical steroids categorized
✔✔Short Acting Beta Agonists - ✔✔Rapidly open the bronchi and are useful in acute
cases such as asthma attacks
✔✔Long Acting Beta Agonists - ✔✔Slow onset and longer duration; usually
compounded for treatment of chronic asthma
✔✔H1 blockers sedating - ✔✔Benadryl, Hydroxyzine
✔✔H2 blockers - ✔✔Zantac
✔✔H1 blockers non-sedating/less sedating - ✔✔Allegra/Zyrtec, Claritin
✔✔Reglan (metoclopramide) - ✔✔Pro-motility agent which helps the stomach pass its
contents into the small intestine faster
✔✔antispasmodics - ✔✔Smooth muscle relaxers that relax the cramping of diarrhea
✔✔Antidiarrheals - ✔✔Cause watery stool to become more formed
✔✔Stool Softners - ✔✔Cause constipation to be relieved or prevented by adding bulk to
the stool.
✔✔Laxatives - ✔✔Cause increased peristalsis to relieve constipation by altering water
and electrolyte secretion producing net intestinal fluid accumulation and laxation
✔✔Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ✔✔End result of a significant blow or penetrating injury
to the head that disrupts normal brain function
✔✔Blast Injuries - ✔✔#1 cause of TBI
✔✔MVC, GSW, Unspecified Blunt trauma, Airborne and fast rope operations - ✔✔MOIs
of TBI
✔✔Mild, Moderate, Severe - ✔✔Classifications of TBI's
A+
✔✔dosing interval - ✔✔recommended time period between doses of a medication
✔✔onset - ✔✔time until a medication's therapeutic effect begins
✔✔duration of effect - ✔✔time until the medication's therapeutic effect wears off
✔✔duration of therapy - ✔✔length of time a course of medication is continued to ensure
the desired effect is maintained
✔✔dosing parameters - ✔✔the limitations, considerations, and instructions required
regarding a medication; helps achieve the desired physiological response minimize side
effects
✔✔Body weight, Comorbidities, Age - ✔✔What are factors that affect dosing
✔✔Importance for patients to understand dosing parameters - ✔✔-too little: not achieve
therapeutic effects
-too much: increased side effects/toxic levels
✔✔Antibiotics - ✔✔Medications which kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria
✔✔Gram Stain Testing - ✔✔Categorizes bacteria classification based upon chemical
properties in the cell's membrane.
✔✔Gram positive - ✔✔Indicates the presence of peptidoglycan
✔✔Peptidoglycan - ✔✔the substance that forms a tough, rigid structure of the bacterium
cell wall
✔✔Gram Negative - ✔✔the cell membrane outer structure consists of a cytoplasmic
membrane surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
✔✔Aerobic - ✔✔bacteria that thrives only in an oxygen environment
✔✔Anaerobic - ✔✔bacteria that grow well in the absence of oxygen
✔✔Viruses and fungi - ✔✔Antibiotics are not effective on what?
✔✔Sexually or asexually - ✔✔How do fungi reproduce
✔✔Penicillin - ✔✔Effective against gram positive aerobic organisms
,✔✔1st Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against gram positive bacteria
✔✔2nd Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against gram positive bacteria
✔✔3rd Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against both gram positive and negative
bacteria
✔✔4th Gen Cephalosporin - ✔✔Effective against both gram positive and negative
bacteria
✔✔Cephalosporin - ✔✔Patients with allergies to PCN's have 10-20% risk of being
allergic to...
✔✔Macrolides - ✔✔Stimulates motilin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and may
cause diarrhea.
✔✔Tetracyclines - ✔✔Inhibit growth of bacteria therefore works slowly; posses anti-
inflammatory effect; don't use on children or pregnant women
✔✔Quinolones - ✔✔Long term use may have increased risk of spontaneous tendon
rupture
✔✔Sulfonamides - ✔✔Sulfa based, broad spectrum antibiotic; effective against MRSA
✔✔Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) - ✔✔Safer than most antibiotics; Pregnancy Category B
✔✔Tinea cruris - ✔✔jock itch
✔✔Tinea corpus - ✔✔ring worm
✔✔Undecylenic Acid - ✔✔Army foot powder
✔✔Tinea pedis - ✔✔atletes foot
✔✔Liver - ✔✔Where is Tylenol metabolized at?
✔✔N - acetylcysteine (Muconyst) - ✔✔What is the antidote for Tylenol?
✔✔Paracetamol - ✔✔Tylenol may be labeled a what in Europe or Asia
✔✔Reduce 1-2 points - ✔✔How much will NSAIDS help in regards to the pain scale of
1-10
, ✔✔COX-1 - ✔✔Can lead to gastric ulcers; Ex. Naprosyn
✔✔COX-2 - ✔✔Decreases inflammation only; Ex. Mobic
✔✔Corticosteroids - ✔✔Stimulate cortisol, an anti-inflammatory steroid produced in the
adrenal glands
✔✔Class 1 (strongest) to class 7 (weakest) - ✔✔How are topical steroids categorized
✔✔Short Acting Beta Agonists - ✔✔Rapidly open the bronchi and are useful in acute
cases such as asthma attacks
✔✔Long Acting Beta Agonists - ✔✔Slow onset and longer duration; usually
compounded for treatment of chronic asthma
✔✔H1 blockers sedating - ✔✔Benadryl, Hydroxyzine
✔✔H2 blockers - ✔✔Zantac
✔✔H1 blockers non-sedating/less sedating - ✔✔Allegra/Zyrtec, Claritin
✔✔Reglan (metoclopramide) - ✔✔Pro-motility agent which helps the stomach pass its
contents into the small intestine faster
✔✔antispasmodics - ✔✔Smooth muscle relaxers that relax the cramping of diarrhea
✔✔Antidiarrheals - ✔✔Cause watery stool to become more formed
✔✔Stool Softners - ✔✔Cause constipation to be relieved or prevented by adding bulk to
the stool.
✔✔Laxatives - ✔✔Cause increased peristalsis to relieve constipation by altering water
and electrolyte secretion producing net intestinal fluid accumulation and laxation
✔✔Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ✔✔End result of a significant blow or penetrating injury
to the head that disrupts normal brain function
✔✔Blast Injuries - ✔✔#1 cause of TBI
✔✔MVC, GSW, Unspecified Blunt trauma, Airborne and fast rope operations - ✔✔MOIs
of TBI
✔✔Mild, Moderate, Severe - ✔✔Classifications of TBI's
