HESI ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
2025/2026 WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
1. What is the primary structure affected in Multiple Sclerosis?
Axon Terminal
Myelin Sheath
Neuron Cell Body
Dendrite
2. Describe the role of the renal vein in the circulatory system.
The renal vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood
from the kidneys back to the heart.
The renal vein filters waste products from the blood.
The renal vein supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys.
The renal vein connects the kidneys to the aorta.
3. Describe the significance of the epigastric region in relation to abdominal
organs.
The epigastric region is only relevant for respiratory functions.
The epigastric region is located in the lower abdomen and is not
significant for digestion.
The epigastric region is primarily associated with reproductive
organs.
The epigastric region contains important organs such as the
stomach and liver, making it significant for digestive processes.
,4. Describe the role of pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the human
body.
Pressoreceptors are responsible for oxygen transport, while
chemoreceptors regulate heart rate.
Pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors help regulate blood
pressure and monitor blood chemistry.
Pressoreceptors detect temperature changes, and chemoreceptors
are involved in digestion.
Pressoreceptors are located in the lungs, and chemoreceptors are
found in the kidneys.
5. What is the name of the artery that supplies blood to the upper arm?
Radial
Brachial
Ulnar
Subclavian
6. What is the primary location of pressoreceptors in the human body?
Jugular vein
Carotid body
Aortic arch
Pulmonary artery
7. Describe how saltatory conduction enhances the speed of action potential
transmission in neurons.
, Saltatory conduction involves the release of neurotransmitters at
synapses to speed up transmission.
Saltatory conduction slows down the action potential by requiring it
to travel continuously along the entire axon.
Saltatory conduction enhances speed by allowing action
potentials to jump between the nodes of Ranvier, reducing the
distance the impulse must travel along the axon.
Saltatory conduction occurs only in unmyelinated axons, which
increases the transmission speed.
8. What is the primary consequence of a rupture in the cardiac sphincter?
The blockage of blood flow to the heart
The increase of bile production
The back flow of gastric juices into the esophagus
The obstruction of air flow to the lungs
9. Describe the consequences of damage to the phrenic nerve in terms of
respiratory function.
Damage to the phrenic nerve can lead to an inability to control
breathing, resulting in respiratory distress.
Damage to the phrenic nerve leads to loss of sensation in the
diaphragm.
Damage to the phrenic nerve affects digestion and nutrient
absorption.
Damage to the phrenic nerve causes increased heart rate and blood
pressure.
, 10. Describe the role of bile in digestion and its relationship with the small
intestine.
Bile aids in the digestion of fats and is secreted into the small
intestine to emulsify fats for absorption.
Bile is produced in the pancreas and helps in protein digestion in
the stomach.
Bile is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in the liver.
Bile is secreted by the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.
11. Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in mammals?
Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery
Left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
12. If a disease were to damage the myelin sheath surrounding neurons, what
effect would this have on the conduction of action potentials?
It would enhance the speed of conduction.
It would have no effect on conduction.
It would cause action potentials to be transmitted continuously
along the axon.
It would slow down the conduction of action potentials.
2025/2026 WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
1. What is the primary structure affected in Multiple Sclerosis?
Axon Terminal
Myelin Sheath
Neuron Cell Body
Dendrite
2. Describe the role of the renal vein in the circulatory system.
The renal vein is responsible for draining deoxygenated blood
from the kidneys back to the heart.
The renal vein filters waste products from the blood.
The renal vein supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys.
The renal vein connects the kidneys to the aorta.
3. Describe the significance of the epigastric region in relation to abdominal
organs.
The epigastric region is only relevant for respiratory functions.
The epigastric region is located in the lower abdomen and is not
significant for digestion.
The epigastric region is primarily associated with reproductive
organs.
The epigastric region contains important organs such as the
stomach and liver, making it significant for digestive processes.
,4. Describe the role of pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the human
body.
Pressoreceptors are responsible for oxygen transport, while
chemoreceptors regulate heart rate.
Pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors help regulate blood
pressure and monitor blood chemistry.
Pressoreceptors detect temperature changes, and chemoreceptors
are involved in digestion.
Pressoreceptors are located in the lungs, and chemoreceptors are
found in the kidneys.
5. What is the name of the artery that supplies blood to the upper arm?
Radial
Brachial
Ulnar
Subclavian
6. What is the primary location of pressoreceptors in the human body?
Jugular vein
Carotid body
Aortic arch
Pulmonary artery
7. Describe how saltatory conduction enhances the speed of action potential
transmission in neurons.
, Saltatory conduction involves the release of neurotransmitters at
synapses to speed up transmission.
Saltatory conduction slows down the action potential by requiring it
to travel continuously along the entire axon.
Saltatory conduction enhances speed by allowing action
potentials to jump between the nodes of Ranvier, reducing the
distance the impulse must travel along the axon.
Saltatory conduction occurs only in unmyelinated axons, which
increases the transmission speed.
8. What is the primary consequence of a rupture in the cardiac sphincter?
The blockage of blood flow to the heart
The increase of bile production
The back flow of gastric juices into the esophagus
The obstruction of air flow to the lungs
9. Describe the consequences of damage to the phrenic nerve in terms of
respiratory function.
Damage to the phrenic nerve can lead to an inability to control
breathing, resulting in respiratory distress.
Damage to the phrenic nerve leads to loss of sensation in the
diaphragm.
Damage to the phrenic nerve affects digestion and nutrient
absorption.
Damage to the phrenic nerve causes increased heart rate and blood
pressure.
, 10. Describe the role of bile in digestion and its relationship with the small
intestine.
Bile aids in the digestion of fats and is secreted into the small
intestine to emulsify fats for absorption.
Bile is produced in the pancreas and helps in protein digestion in
the stomach.
Bile is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels in the liver.
Bile is secreted by the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.
11. Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in mammals?
Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery
Left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein
Pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
12. If a disease were to damage the myelin sheath surrounding neurons, what
effect would this have on the conduction of action potentials?
It would enhance the speed of conduction.
It would have no effect on conduction.
It would cause action potentials to be transmitted continuously
along the axon.
It would slow down the conduction of action potentials.
